To maximise productivity, a better understanding of the underlying causes of subfertility that lead to inferior offspring and high mortality is imperative. In decapod crustaceans, most research has focused on female reproductive performance, with little attention given to male fertility. Paternal genetic contribution is critical to both successful embryonic and post-embryonic development. Assessment of sperm quality can be a direct method to determine male subfertility in decapods. Sperm quality parameters such as sperm concentration and morphology have traditionally been used to determine male reproductive performance, but these procedures are time-consuming and can only assess a limited number of sperm cells and males. Alternative diagnostic biomarkers used widely in humans and other mammals could be adapted to decapod crustaceans and may be more indicative of sperm fertilisation competence and male reproductive performance. These predictive biomarkers use fluorescent cellular dyes and high-throughput flow cytometry or computer-assisted sperm microscopic analysis to evaluate sperm viability, mitochondrial function, acrosome reaction and DNA fragmentation. This review examines current and advanced biomarkers to evaluate sperm quality and further explores state-of-the-art procedures of sperm cryopreservation (conventional vs. vitrification techniques) and artificial fertilisation in decapod crustaceans. Sperm freezing coupled with artificial fertilisation in decapods permits the long-term storage, controlled timing and selection of individuals for reproduction. Collectively, these tools can be applied to commercial broodstock management to improve productivity and accelerate selective breeding in the crustacean aquaculture industry.

中文翻译：

---

雄性生育力评估、精子冷冻保存和人工受精的最新进展及其在甲壳类甲壳类水产养殖中的潜在应用

为了最大限度地提高生产力，必须更好地了解导致后代劣势和高死亡率的生育力低下的根本原因。在十足类甲壳类动物中，大多数研究都集中在女性的生殖能力上，而很少关注男性的生育能力。父系遗传贡献对于成功的胚胎和胚胎后发育都至关重要。精子质量评估可以是确定十足类动物雄性生育力低下的直接方法。传统上，精子浓度和形态等精子质量参数被用来确定男性的生殖能力，但这些程序非常耗时，并且只能评估有限数量的精子细胞和男性。在人类和其他哺乳动物中广泛使用的替代诊断生物标志物可能适用于甲壳类动物，并且可能更能表明精子受精能力和雄性生殖能力。这些预测性生物标志物使用荧光细胞染料和高通量流式细胞术或计算机辅助精子显微镜分析来评估精子活力、线粒体功能、顶体反应和 DNA 片段化。本综述检查了当前和先进的生物标志物以评估精子质量，并进一步探索了在十足目甲壳类动物中精子冷冻保存（传统与玻璃化技术）和人工受精的最先进程序。精子冷冻与十足类动物的人工受精相结合，可以长期储存、控制时间和选择个体进行繁殖。