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Concurrent and prospective effects of income, adversity, and parenting behaviors on middle-childhood effortful control and adjustment
Social Development ( IF 2.462 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-30 , DOI: 10.1111/sode.12562
Liliana J. Lengua 1 , Stephanie F. Thompson 1 , Erika J. Ruberry 1 , Cara J. Kiff 1 , Melanie R. Klein 2 , Lyndsey R. Moran 3 , Maureen Zalewski 4
Affiliation  

This study examined whether effortful control (executive control [EC], delay ability [DA]) accounted for the effects of early-childhood contextual factors (income, cumulative risk, parenting) on middle-childhood adjustment (social competence, internalizing and externalizing problems), or whether contextual factors account for observed associations between effortful control and adjustment. A sample of children and parents (N = 306) were assessed when children were 3-, 5-, and 8-years. Age-3 income and cumulative risk predicted changes in age-8 EC. Also, age-3 parenting predicted changes in effortful control. Warmth and limit setting predicted increases in EC, whereas negativity predicted decreases in DA from the age of 3 to 5, and scaffolding predicted increases in EC and DA from the age of 5 to 8. In turn, age-8 EC was associated with higher social competence. However, neither age-8 EC nor DA was associated with internalizing or externalizing above the effects of age-8 stress (negative life events). The findings indicate that early-childhood income, adversity, and parenting are relevant in predicting effortful control development into middle-childhood, and in turn, middle-childhood social competence. However, concurrent stress appears more relevant to adjustment problems, implying some of the effects of effortful control might be accounted for by the context of risk.

中文翻译:

收入、逆境和养育行为对儿童中期努力控制和调整的同时和前瞻性影响

本研究检验了努力控制(执行控制 [EC]、延迟能力 [DA])是否解释了儿童早期环境因素(收入、累积风险、养育)对儿童中期调整(社会能力、内化和外化问题)的影响),或者上下文因素是否解释了努力控制和调整之间观察到的关联。孩子和父母的样本(N = 306) 在儿童 3 岁、5 岁和 8 岁时进行评估。3 岁时的收入和累积风险预测 8 岁时 EC 的变化。此外,3 岁的育儿方式预测了努力控制的变化。温暖和极限设置预测 EC 增加,而消极预测 DA 从 3 岁到 5 岁减少,脚手架预测 EC 和 DA 从 5 岁到 8 岁增加。反过来,8 岁 EC 与更高社会能力。然而,8 岁时的 EC 和 DA 都与 8 岁时压力(消极生活事件)的影响之外的内化或外化无关。研究结果表明,儿童早期收入、逆境和养育子女与预测儿童中期的努力控制发展相关,进而预测儿童中期的社会能力。然而,
更新日期:2021-11-30
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