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Spatial and temporal differences in migration strategies among endangered European Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga
Bird Conservation International ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 , DOI: 10.1017/s0959270921000411
ÜLO VÄLI 1 , VALERY DOMBROVSKI 2 , GRZEGORZ MACIOROWSKI 3 , URMAS SELLIS 4 , ADHAM ASHTON-BUTT 5
Affiliation  

Understanding connectivity between migratory bird breeding and wintering grounds is essential for range-wide planning of conservation activities. We used GPS tracking to explore the migration of 28 ‘Endangered’ Greater Spotted Eagles, Clanga clanga from three remaining European breeding populations towards their wintering range, and to identify population and sex-specific patterns in selection of wintering sites. The tracked eagles wintered in three continents, 46% in Africa (mostly Eastern Sahel), 43% across southern Europe (mostly Greece) and 11% in Asia (the Middle East). Migratory connectivity was weak (rM = 0.16), and the population spread across the wintering range was large (1,917 km). The three studied populations differed in their migration strategy, with northerly, Estonian breeders all wintering in Southern Europe, and Polish and Belarusian breeders divided between Southern Europe and Africa. Migration strategy was different between Belarusian males and females, with males more likely to winter in Africa than Europe, and on average, migrating 2,500 km further south than females. Migration to Africa took longer, but was partly compensated by higher migration speeds. Greater Spotted Eagles wintered in wetland sites throughout their wintering range, with 15 of 29 birds wintering in internationally or nationally protected sites (including 12 Ramsar sites). Nearly a third of European winterers stayed in the same Greek national park, perhaps indicating a limitation of suitable sites in Europe due to wetland loss or degradation. This highlights the importance of protected wetlands to this species, but also shows their vulnerability to future wetland degradation. Only two of 14 wintering sites in Africa were under protection, showing a potential mismatch between protection of females and males in their wintering grounds.



中文翻译:

濒临灭绝的欧洲大斑鹰迁徙策略的时空差异

了解候鸟繁殖地和越冬地之间的连通性对于大范围的保护活动规划至关重要。我们使用 GPS 追踪来探索 28 只“濒危”大斑雕 ( Clanga clanga ) 的迁徙从剩余的三个欧洲繁殖种群到其越冬范围,并确定越冬地点选择中的种群和性别特异性模式。跟踪鹰在三大洲越冬,其中 46% 在非洲(主要是萨赫勒东部),43% 在南欧(主要是希腊),11% 在亚洲(中东)。迁徙连通性较弱(rM = 0.16),越冬范围内的种群分布范围较大(1,917 km)。这三个研究种群的迁徙策略有所不同,北方的爱沙尼亚繁殖者都在南欧越冬,而波兰和白俄罗斯的繁殖者则分布在南欧和非洲。白俄罗斯雄性和雌性的迁徙策略有所不同,雄性比欧洲更有可能在非洲过冬,平均比雌性向南迁徙 2,500 公里。向非洲的移民花费了更长的时间,但较高的移民速度在一定程度上弥补了这一损失。大斑雕在整个越冬范围内都在湿地越冬,其中 29 种鸟类中有 15 种在国际或国家保护区(包括 12 个拉姆萨尔湿地)越冬。近三分之一的欧洲越冬者留在同一个希腊国家公园,这可能表明由于湿地丧失或退化,欧洲合适的地点受到限制。这凸显了受保护的湿地对该物种的重要性,但也表明了它们对未来湿地退化的脆弱性。非洲 14 个越冬地中只有两个受到保护,这表明对雌性和雄性越冬地的保护可能存在不匹配。大斑雕在整个越冬范围内都在湿地越冬,其中 29 种鸟类中有 15 种在国际或国家保护区(包括 12 个拉姆萨尔湿地)越冬。近三分之一的欧洲越冬者留在同一个希腊国家公园,这可能表明由于湿地丧失或退化,欧洲合适的地点受到限制。这凸显了受保护的湿地对该物种的重要性,但也表明了它们对未来湿地退化的脆弱性。非洲 14 个越冬地中只有两个受到保护,这表明对雌性和雄性越冬地的保护可能存在不匹配。大斑雕在整个越冬范围内都在湿地越冬,其中 29 种鸟类中有 15 种在国际或国家保护区(包括 12 个拉姆萨尔湿地)越冬。近三分之一的欧洲越冬者留在同一个希腊国家公园,这可能表明由于湿地丧失或退化,欧洲合适的地点受到限制。这凸显了受保护的湿地对该物种的重要性,但也表明了它们对未来湿地退化的脆弱性。非洲 14 个越冬地中只有两个受到保护,这表明对雌性和雄性越冬地的保护可能存在不匹配。近三分之一的欧洲越冬者留在同一个希腊国家公园,这可能表明由于湿地丧失或退化,欧洲合适的地点受到限制。这凸显了受保护的湿地对该物种的重要性,但也表明了它们对未来湿地退化的脆弱性。非洲 14 个越冬地中只有两个受到保护,这表明对雌性和雄性越冬地的保护可能存在不匹配。近三分之一的欧洲越冬者留在同一个希腊国家公园,这可能表明由于湿地丧失或退化,欧洲合适的地点受到限制。这凸显了受保护的湿地对该物种的重要性,但也表明了它们对未来湿地退化的脆弱性。非洲 14 个越冬地中只有两个受到保护,这表明对雌性和雄性越冬地的保护可能存在不匹配。

更新日期:2021-12-01
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