Critical Infrastructures such as hospitals, power stations and communication centers play a crucial role in the performance of economy and society. Over the last few decades, the number and variety of infrastructures grew rapidly and the interdependencies between them have increased. Consequently, more and more essential services depend on the continuous performance of one, two or even more critical infrastructures such as power supply, communications, etc. It is therefore critical to ensure reliable and robust performance of critical infrastructures on a continuous basis, particularly upon the occurrence of extreme events. This paper presents a review of the contemporary state of preparedness of critical infrastructures, through a comprehensive literature review of significant extreme events that occurred in the past three decades. An effort to identify the common denominators between the different extreme events was carried out in order to universalize the discussion and stimulate thought-provoking conclusions on the present conditions of critical infrastructures and their implications in terms of preparedness, risk assessment, and disaster management. The review reveals incompatibility between the increasing risk and the actual preparedness of critical infrastructure to extreme events. The potential risk is further magnified because of the high and increasing interdependencies between CIs that were observed. A comprehensive framework of multi-hazards risk assessment and management of mitigation strategies as a decision support tool is proposed in this paper.

医院、发电站和通信中心等关键基础设施在经济和社会绩效中发挥着至关重要的作用。在过去的几十年里，基础设施的数量和种类迅速增长，它们之间的相互依存关系也增加了。因此，越来越多的基本服务依赖于一个、两个甚至更多关键基础设施（例如电源、通信等）的持续性能。因此，确保关键基础设施持续可靠和稳健的性能至关重要，尤其是在极端事件的发生。本文通过对过去 30 年发生的重大极端事件的全面文献回顾，对关键基础设施的当代准备状态进行了回顾。努力确定不同极端事件之间的共同点，以普及讨论并激发关于关键基础设施的现状及其在备灾、风险评估和灾害管理方面的影响的发人深省的结论。审查揭示了日益增加的风险与关键基础设施对极端事件的实际准备之间的不相容性。由于观察到的 CI 之间高度且日益增加的相互依赖性，潜在风险进一步放大。本文提出了一个综合框架，将多种灾害风险评估和缓解策略管理作为决策支持工具。