Background

Research on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is dominated by lower-body conditioning activities/performance test complexes. Despite the contribution of the upper body to many sporting actions, no review on upper-body PAPE currently exists.

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to provide a synthesis of the available research on the inclusion of upper-body PAPE conditioning activities to improve athletic performance.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, including a literature search of EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A total of 127 studies were identified through database searches, and were assessed against the following criteria: (1) randomised controlled trial or pre-and-post study design; (2) studies explored the effects of prior voluntary muscle activity, and not electrically induced contractions, (3) evidence, or lack thereof, of PAPE was quantified by the monitoring of individual performance to commonly applied physical tests or sport-specific tasks; (4) conditioning activities and performance tests were primarily upper-body; (5) detailed description of a standardised warm-up; and (6) full-text versions of studies could be accessed in English language peer-reviewed journals. Studies were quality assessed for methodological quality via the PEDro scale and ranked accordingly.

Results

Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were classified into different conditioning activity modes: bench press variations, sport-specific (modified implement throws, swing-specific, cable pulley, elastic resistance, combination) and bodyweight activity. Acute performance enhancement in several movement-specific combinations was found. A meta-analysis revealed that bench press at ≥ 80% one repetition maximum significantly (p = 0.03; ES = 0.31) improves subsequent power output in the ballistic bench throw at 30–40% one repetition maximum, following 8–12 min recovery. Additionally, sport-specific overweight implement throws improved subsequent throwing distance at competition weight by ~ 1.7–8.5%; ES = 0.14–0.33, following 3 min recovery. Sport-specific lighter weighted bat swings and swing-specific isometrics resulted in improved subsequent competition weight bat swing velocities, ranging from ~ 1.3–3.3%; ES = 0.16–0.57.

Conclusions

This review presents several upper-body movement-specific conditioning activities that could be considered by coaches and practitioners as part of complex or contrast training, or used in pre-competition warm-ups to acutely enhance performance.

中文翻译：

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运动表现的上身后激活表现增强：具有荟萃分析的系统评价和对未来研究的建议

背景

激活后性能增强 (PAPE) 的研究以下肢调节活动/性能测试复合物为主。尽管上身对许多体育运动有贡献，但目前尚无关于上身 PAPE 的评论。

目标

这篇带有荟萃分析的系统评价的目的是综合现有的关于将上身 PAPE 调节活动纳入以提高运动表现的研究。

方法

根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目指南对文献进行了回顾，包括对 EBSCOhost、SPORTDiscus、PubMed 和谷歌学术数据库的文献检索。通过数据库搜索共确定了 127 项研究，并根据以下标准进行了评估：（1）随机对照试验或前后研究设计；(2) 研究探索了先前自愿肌肉活动的影响，而不是电诱发的收缩，(3) PAPE 的证据或缺乏证据通过监测个人对常用物理测试或特定运动任务的表现进行量化；(4) 体能活动和性能测试以上身为主；(5) 标准化热身的详细描述；(6) 研究的全文版本可以在英语同行评审期刊上访问。通过 PEDro 量表对研究的方法学质量进行质量评估并进行相应排名。

结果

31 项研究符合纳入标准。研究分为不同的调节活动模式：卧推变化、运动特定（改进的器械投掷、摆动特定、电缆滑轮、弹性阻力、组合）和体重活动。发现了几种运动特定组合的急性性能增强。一项荟萃分析显示，在 ≥ 80% 时，最大重复次数的卧推显着（p = 0.03; ES = 0.31) 在 8-12 分钟恢复后，以 30-40% 的最大重复次数提高弹道台投掷的后续功率输出。此外，特定运动的超重器械投掷将比赛重量下的后续投掷距离提高了约 1.7-8.5%；ES = 0.14–0.33，恢复 3 分钟后。特定于运动的较轻重量的球拍挥杆和特定挥杆的等长运动提高了随后的比赛重量球拍挥杆速度，范围从 ~ 1.3-3.3%；ES = 0.16–0.57。

结论

这篇综述介绍了几种特定于上肢运动的调节活动，教练和从业者可以将其视为复杂或对比训练的一部分，或用于赛前热身以显着提高表现。