The human body is in a never-ending chess game against pathogens. When the immune system, our natural defence tool, is weakened, these organisms are able to escape, overcoming the body's contingency plan, which results in the body going into a pathological state. To overcome this checkmate status, emerging nanomedicines have been successfully employed as one of the best tactics for boosting the immune response, manipulating the body's defence tools for the specific recognition/elimination of pathological cells via the active ingredient delivery. However, the vast majority of these drug-delivery systems (DDS) are considered to be exclusively passive vehicles, with nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) attracting a great deal of attention due to their versatility and ability to carry and deliver exceptional drug payloads and to modulate their biological bypass. Nonetheless, their intrinsic immunogenicity character has been never addressed. Considering the immense possibilities that nanoMOFs offer as a treatment platform, the present study aimed to unveil the immunological fingerprint of MOFs, including an in-deep evaluation of the cellular oxidation balance, the inflammation and recruitment of immune cells and the precise Th1/Th2 cytokine profile that is triggered. This study aims to gain insights that will make more feasible the design of customized immune-active MOF nanoplatforms according to targeted diseases, as the next ace up immune system sleeve.

中文翻译：

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破解金属有机框架的免疫指纹

人体正在与病原体进行一场永无休止的棋局。当我们的天然防御工具免疫系统被削弱时，这些生物体就能够逃脱，克服身体的应急计划，从而导致身体进入病理状态。为了克服这种将死状态，新兴的纳米药物已被成功地用作增强免疫反应的最佳策略之一，通过活性成分递送操纵身体的防御工具来特异性识别/消除病理细胞。然而，绝大多数这些药物输送系统（DDS）被认为是完全被动的载体，纳米级金属有机框架（nanoMOF）由于其多功能性以及携带和输送特殊药物有效负载的能力而引起了广泛的关注并调节它们的生物旁路。尽管如此，它们内在的免疫原性特征从未得到解决。考虑到nanoMOFs作为治疗平台的巨大可能性，本研究旨在揭示MOFs的免疫学指纹，包括对细胞氧化平衡、炎症和免疫细胞募集以及精确的Th1/Th2细胞因子的深入评估被触发的配置文件。这项研究旨在获得见解，使根据目标疾病定制的免疫活性 MOF 纳米平台的设计更加可行，作为免疫系统的下一个王牌。