Conjoint measurement was used to investigate the joint influence of facial gender and facial age on perceived gender (Experiment 1) and perceived age (Experiment 2). A set of 25 faces was created, covarying independently five levels of gender (from feminine to masculine) and five levels of age (from young to old). Two independent groups of observers were presented with all possible pairs of faces from this set and compared which member of the pair appeared as more masculine (Experiment 1) or older (Experiment 2). Three nested models of the contribution of gender and age to judgment (i.e., independent, additive, and saturated) were fit to the data using maximum likelihood. The results showed that both gender and age contributed to the perceived gender and age of the faces according to a saturated observer model. In judgments of gender (Experiment 1), female faces were perceived as more masculine as they became older. In judgments of age (Experiment 2), young faces (age 20 and 30) were perceived as older as they became more masculine. Taken together, the results entail that: (a) observers integrate facial gender and age information when judging either of the dimensions, and that (b) cues for femininity and cues for aging are negatively correlated. This correlation exerts stronger influence on female faces, and can explain the success of cosmetics in concealing signs of aging and exaggerating sexually dimorphic features.

中文翻译：

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面部衰老如何影响感知性别：来自最大似然联合测量的见解。

联合测量用于研究面部性别和面部年龄对感知性别（实验1）和感知年龄（实验2）的联合影响。创建了一组 25 张面孔，它们独立地共变了五个性别级别（从女性到男性）和五个年龄级别（从年轻到年老）。向两组独立的观察者展示了这组中所有可能的面孔对，并比较了这对中的哪个成员看起来更男性化（实验 1）或更老（实验 2）。性别和年龄对判断的贡献的三个嵌套模型（即独立、加性和饱和）使用最大似然拟合数据。结果表明，根据饱和观察者模型，性别和年龄对人脸的感知性别和年龄都有影响。在性别判断中（实验 1），随着年龄的增长，女性面孔被认为更男性化。在年龄判断中（实验 2），年轻的面孔（20 岁和 30 岁）随着变得更男性化而被认为更老。综上所述，结果表明：（a）观察者在判断任何一个维度时都会整合面部性别和年龄信息，并且（b）女性气质的线索和衰老的线索呈负相关。这种相关性对女性面孔产生了更强的影响，并且可以解释化妆品在隐藏衰老迹象和夸大两性特征方面的成功。(a) 观察者在判断任一维度时都会整合面部性别和年龄信息，并且 (b) 女性气质的线索和衰老的线索呈负相关。这种相关性对女性面孔产生了更强的影响，并且可以解释化妆品在隐藏衰老迹象和夸大两性特征方面的成功。(a) 观察者在判断任一维度时都会整合面部性别和年龄信息，并且 (b) 女性气质的线索和衰老的线索呈负相关。这种相关性对女性面孔产生了更强的影响，并且可以解释化妆品在隐藏衰老迹象和夸大两性特征方面的成功。