Sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks will have to cope with diverse threats on a space-air-ground integrated network environment, novel technologies, and an accessible user information explosion. However, for now, security and privacy issues for 6G remain largely in concept. This survey provides a systematic overview of security and privacy issues based on prospective technologies for 6G in the physical, connection, and service layers, as well as through lessons learned from the failures of existing security architectures and state-of-the-art defenses. Two key lessons learned are as follows. First, other than inheriting vulnerabilities from the previous generations, 6G has new threat vectors from new radio technologies, such as the exposed location of radio stripes in ultra-massive MIMO systems at Terahertz bands and attacks against pervasive intelligence. Second, physical layer protection, deep network slicing, quantum-safe communications, artificial intelligence (AI) security, platform-agnostic security, real-time adaptive security, and novel data protection mechanisms such as distributed ledgers and differential privacy are the top promising techniques to mitigate the attack magnitude and personal data breaches substantially.

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6G 的安全和隐私：对未来技术和挑战的调查

第六代（6G）移动网络将不得不应对天地一体化网络环境、新技术和可访问用户信息爆炸等多种威胁。然而，就目前而言，6G 的安全和隐私问题在很大程度上仍处于概念阶段。本次调查基于 6G 在物理、连接和服务层的前瞻性技术，以及从现有安全架构和最先进防御的失败中吸取的经验教训，系统地概述了安全和隐私问题。吸取的两个关键教训如下。首先，除了继承前几代的漏洞之外，6G 还具有来自新无线电技术的新威胁向量，例如在太赫兹频段的超大规模 MIMO 系统中无线电条纹的暴露位置以及对无处不在的情报的攻击。其次，物理层保护、深度网络切片、量子安全通信、人工智能（AI）安全、平台无关安全、实时自适应安全以及分布式账本和差异隐私等新型数据保护机制是最有前途的技术大幅减轻攻击规模和个人数据泄露。