This article examines the intersection between extraterritoriality--privileges afforded to European subjects in the Islamic Mediterranean--and various forms of state membership. To capture the multiplicity and instability of state membership, I introduce the phrase “legal belonging”--a neutral, umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of bonds between individuals and states (usually referred to as subjecthood, nationality, or citizenship). Adopting the methods of global legal history, I look at how laws regulating legal belonging responded to the extraterritorial context of the Mediterranean in both European and Middle Eastern states. In so doing, I offer an alternative to the centrifugal narrative of modernization, which presumes that modern citizenship was invented in Europe and then exported to the Islamic world. Instead, I contend that the evolution of legal belonging on both sides of the Mediterranean developed in response to the challenges and opportunities presented by extraterritoriality. The article consists of two cases studies: first, I look at the regulation of legal belonging in Tunisia, the Ottoman Empire, and Morocco, arguing that this legislation responded to the challenges posed by extraterritoriality. Second, I examine the influence of extraterritorial regimes on the nationality of Algerians under French colonial rule.

中文翻译：

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十九世纪地中海的治外法权和法律归属

本文探讨了治外法权——在伊斯兰地中海地区给予欧洲臣民的特权——与各种形式的国家成员身份之间的交叉点。为了捕捉国家成员身份的多样性和不稳定性，我引入了“法律归属”一词——一个中性的总称，涵盖了个人与国家之间的广泛联系（通常称为主体、国籍或公民身份）。采用全球法律史的方法，我研究了规范法律归属的法律如何回应欧洲和中东国家的地中海域外背景。这样做，我提供了现代化的离心叙事的替代方案，它假定现代公民身份是在欧洲发明的，然后出口到伊斯兰世界。反而，我认为，地中海两岸法律归属的演变是为了应对治外法权带来的挑战和机遇。本文包含两个案例研究：首先，我研究了突尼斯、奥斯曼帝国和摩洛哥对法律归属的规定，认为该立法应对了治外法权带来的挑战。其次，我考察了域外政权对法国殖民统治下阿尔及利亚人国籍的影响。认为该立法应对了治外法权带来的挑战。其次，我考察了域外政权对法国殖民统治下阿尔及利亚人国籍的影响。认为该立法应对了治外法权带来的挑战。其次，我考察了域外政权对法国殖民统治下阿尔及利亚人国籍的影响。