Neurosurgery as one of the most technologically demanding medical fields rapidly adapts the newest developments from multiple scientific disciplines for treating brain tumors. Despite half a century of clinical trials, survival for brain primary tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain cancer, or rare ones including primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), is dismal. Cancer therapy and research have currently shifted toward targeted approaches, and personalized therapies. The orchestration of novel and effective blood–brain barrier (BBB) drug delivery approaches, targeting of cancer cells and regulating tumor microenvironment including the immune system are the key themes of this review. As the global pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 virus continues, neurosurgery and neuro-oncology must wrestle with the issues related to treatment-related immune dysfunction. The selection of chemotherapeutic treatments, even rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) that occur among immunocompromised people, and number of vaccinations they have to get are emerging as a new chapter for modern Nano neurosurgery.

神经外科作为技术要求最高的医学领域之一，迅速采用多个科学学科的最新发展来治疗脑肿瘤。尽管进行了半个世纪的临床试验，但脑原发性肿瘤（如最常见的原发性脑癌胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM) 或原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤 (PCNSL) 等罕见肿瘤）的存活率仍然很低。癌症治疗和研究目前已转向靶向治疗和个性化治疗。新型和有效的血脑屏障 (BBB) 药物递送方法的编排、靶向癌细胞和调节包括免疫系统在内的肿瘤微环境是本综述的关键主题。随着 SARS-CoV-2 病毒在全球大流行的持续，神经外科和神经肿瘤学必须努力解决与治疗相关的免疫功能障碍相关的问题。化疗疗法的选择，甚至免疫功能低下人群中发生的罕见超敏反应 (HSR) 病例，以及他们必须接种的疫苗数量，正在成为现代纳米神经外科的新篇章。