Agri-environment schemes are programmes where landholders enter into voluntary agreements (typically with governments) to manage agricultural land for environmental protection and nature conservation objectives. Previous work at local scale has shown that these features can provide additional floral and nesting resources to support wild pollinators, which may indirectly increase floral visitation to nearby crops. However, the effect of entire schemes on this important ecosystem service has never previously been studied at national scale. Focusing on four wild pollinator guilds (ground-nesting bumblebees, tree-nesting bumblebees, ground-nesting solitary bees, and cavity-nesting solitary bees), we used a state-of-the-art, process-based spatial model to examine the relationship between participation in agri-environment schemes across England during 2016 and the predicted abundances of these guilds and their visitation rates to four pollinator dependent crops (oilseed rape, field beans, orchard fruit and strawberries). Our modelling predicts that significant increases in national populations of ground-nesting bumblebees and ground-nesting solitary bees have occurred in response to the schemes. Lack of significant population increases for other guilds likely reflects specialist nesting resource requirements not well-catered for in schemes. We do not predict statistically significant increases in visitation to pollinator-dependent crops at national level as a result of scheme interventions but do predict some localised areas of significant increase in bumblebee visitation to crops flowering in late spring. Lack of any significant change in visitation to crops which flower outside this season is likely due to a combination of low provision of nesting resource relative to floral resource by scheme interventions and low overall participation in more intensively farmed landscapes. We recommend future schemes place greater importance on nesting resource provision alongside floral resource provision, better cater for the needs of specialised species and promote more contiguous patches of semi-natural habitat to better support solitary bee visitation.

农业环境计划是土地所有者签订自愿协议（通常与政府）以管理农业用地以实现环境保护和自然保护目标的计划。先前在当地开展的工作表明，这些特征可以提供额外的花卉和筑巢资源来支持野生传粉媒介，这可能会间接增加对附近作物的花卉访问。然而，之前从未在全国范围内研究过整个计划对这一重要生态系统服务的影响。专注于四个野生传粉者行会（地面筑巢大黄蜂、树筑大黄蜂、地面筑巢孤蜂和空巢孤蜂），我们使用了最先进的，基于过程的空间模型，以检查 2016 年英格兰各地农业环境计划的参与与这些行会的预测丰度及其对四种依赖传粉媒介的作物（油菜、豆类、果园水果和草莓）的访问率之间的关系。我们的模型预测，为响应这些计划，全国地埋大黄蜂和地埋独居蜂的数量显着增加。其他公会的人口没有显着增加，这可能反映了计划中没有很好地满足专家嵌套资源需求。由于计划干预，我们并未预测在国家层面对依赖传粉媒介的作物的访问量在统计上显着增加，但确实预测了一些局部地区的大黄蜂对晚春开花作物的访问量显着增加。在本季节以外开花的作物的访问量没有任何显着变化，这可能是由于计划干预提供的筑巢资源相对于花卉资源较少，以及对更集约化耕作的景观的总体参与率较低。我们建议未来的计划在提供花卉资源的同时更加重视筑巢资源的提供，更好地满足特殊物种的需求，并促进半自然栖息地的更多连续斑块，以更好地支持孤独的蜜蜂访问。在本季节以外开花的作物的访问量没有任何显着变化，这可能是由于计划干预提供的筑巢资源相对于花卉资源较少，以及对更集约化耕作的景观的总体参与率较低。我们建议未来的计划在提供花卉资源的同时更加重视筑巢资源的提供，更好地满足特殊物种的需求，并促进半自然栖息地的更多连续斑块，以更好地支持孤独的蜜蜂访问。在本季节以外开花的作物的访问量没有任何显着变化，这可能是由于计划干预提供的筑巢资源相对于花卉资源较少，以及对更集约化耕作的景观的总体参与率较低。我们建议未来的计划在提供花卉资源的同时更加重视筑巢资源的提供，更好地满足特殊物种的需求，并促进半自然栖息地的更多连续斑块，以更好地支持孤独的蜜蜂访问。