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Combined effects of copper, nickel, and zinc on growth of a freshwater mussel (Villosa iris) in an environmentally relevant context
Aquatic Toxicology ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106038
Anthony J Timpano 1 , Jess W Jones 2 , Braven Beaty 3 , Matthew Hull 4 , David J Soucek 5 , Carl E Zipper 6
Affiliation  

Trace metals rarely contaminate freshwaters independently, hence regulatory limits based on single-metal toxicity may be underprotective of aquatic life. This could be especially the case for rare and sensitive fauna like freshwater mussels, such as those suppressed in the Clinch and Powell Rivers in eastern USA where trace metals are long-term contaminants but at concentrations below regulatory limits. We hypothesized metal mixtures may be exerting combined effects on mussels, resulting in greater toxicity than would be predicted based on single-metal exposures. To test that hypothesis, we conducted two experiments exposing juvenile rainbow mussels (Villosa iris) for 42 days to dissolved copper, nickel, and zinc, individually and in three-metal mixtures, in an environmentally-relevant context of water with chemistry (hardness 155 mg/L as CaCO3, dissolved organic carbon 1.7–2.3 mg/L, pH 8.4) similar to that of the Clinch River, which receives alkaline mine drainage. We used a toxic unit approach, selecting test concentrations based on literature values for the lower of 28-day survival or growth (length) effect concentrations for Villosa iris or Lampsilis siliquoidea (fatmucket). Our first experiment confirmed survival and growth effects when acute and chronic water quality criteria, respectively, are approached and/or exceeded. Our second experiment, at lower concentrations, showed no effects on survival but combined effects on growth were evident: a mixture of Cu, Ni, and Zn (7.2 ± 1.2, 65.3 ± 6.1, 183 ± 32 μg/L, respectively) inhibited growth (dry weight) by 95% versus 73%, 74%, and 83% inhibition for single-metal exposures to Cu, Ni, and Zn of similar concentration (8.0 ± 1.1, 63.5 ± 4.8, 193 ± 31 μg/L, respectively). Furthermore, a mixture of Cu, Ni, and Zn with individual concentrations 21%, 29%, and 37% of their water quality criteria (3.4 ± 1.2, 21.8 ± 1.8, and 62.1 ± 8.4 µg/L, respectively) inhibited growth (dry weight) by 61% relative to controls. Our observation of combined effects suggests that regulatory limits based on single-metal toxicity may be underprotective of freshwater mussels when multiple metals are present.



中文翻译:

环境相关背景下铜、镍和锌对淡水贻贝(Villosa iris)生长的综合影响

痕量金属很少单独污染淡水,因此基于单一金属毒性的监管限制可能对水生生物的保护不足。对于淡水贻贝等稀有和敏感的动物群尤其如此,例如在美国东部克林奇河和鲍威尔河中被抑制的那些,微量金属是长期污染物,但浓度低于监管限制。我们假设金属混合物可能对贻贝产生综合影响,导致比基于单一金属暴露所预测的毒性更大。为了验证这个假设,我们进行了两个实验,暴露了幼年彩虹贻贝(Villosa iris) 42 天以溶解铜、镍和锌,单独和三种金属混合物,在环境相关的化学水环境中(硬度 155 mg/L,以 CaCO 3 计,溶解的有机碳 1.7–2.3 mg/L , pH 8.4) 与接受碱性矿山排水的克林奇河相似。我们使用毒性单位方法,根据文献值选择Villosa irisLampsilis siliquoidea的 28 天存活或生长(长度)效应浓度中较低的测试浓度(胖子)。我们的第一个实验证实了分别在接近和/或超过急性和慢性水质标准时对生存和生长的影响。我们的第二个实验,在较低浓度下,对存活没有影响,但对生长的综合影响很明显:Cu、Ni 和 Zn 的混合物(分别为 7.2 ± 1.2、65.3 ± 6.1、183 ± 32 μg/L)抑制生长(干重)95% 与 73%、74% 和 83% 的单金属暴露于相似浓度的铜、镍和锌(分别为 8.0 ± 1.1、63.5 ± 4.8、193 ± 31 μg/L )。此外,Cu、Ni 和 Zn 的混合物,其各自浓度分别为水质标准的 21%、29% 和 37%(分别为 3.4 ± 1.2、21.8 ± 1.8 和 62.1 ± 8.4 µg/L)抑制生长(干重)相对于对照降低 61%。

更新日期:2021-12-06
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