Rhesus macaques are considered an important reservoir of different gastrointestinal (GI) zoonotic parasites affecting livestock and humans. Loads of GI parasites in the free-ranging rhesus macaques living in close proximity to communities in Bangladesh are still unknown. To estimate the prevalence and diversity of zoonotic GI parasites in rhesus macaques of Bangladesh, a total of 182 freshly voided fecal samples were collected from macaques living in rural (N = 67), peri-urban (N = 57), urban (N = 28), and Safari park (N = 30) between October 2015 and December 2016. All samples were tested by direct smear, sedimentation, flotation, and the McMaster techniques. A total of fourteen different taxa of GI parasites were detected, revealing an overall prevalence of 54.4% (n = 99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 46.9–61.8). The prevalence of GI parasites was found to be significantly correlated with the mean parasitic taxa per individual in a group (r = 0.90; p = 0.002). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the overall prevalence of GI parasites in macaques was significantly higher in those inhabiting rural areas (62.69%; odds ratio [OR]: 7.22; p = 0.001) and in macaques with interactions with other animals (60.98%; OR: 5.49; p = 0.005). Our results also indicated that the prevalence of Strongyloides spp. and Balantidium coli infections varied significantly between land gradients. Our results also indicate that macaques frequently visit human settlements for food and are found interacting with domestic animals. In conclusion, the high prevalence of zoonotic GI parasite infection in rhesus macaques found in our study may pose a significant public health risk to communities, particularly in rural areas of Bangladesh. Health promotion to at-risk communities focusing on limiting contact with rhesus macaques is necessary to mitigate potential zoonotic transmission.

中文翻译：

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孟加拉国不同土地坡度的自由放养恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）胃肠道寄生虫的流行和多样性

恒河猴被认为是影响牲畜和人类的不同胃肠道 (GI) 人畜共患寄生虫的重要宿主。生活在孟加拉国社区附近的自由放养的恒河猴体内的胃肠道寄生虫数量仍然未知。为了估计孟加拉国恒河猴中人畜共患胃肠道寄生虫的流行率和多样性，从生活在农村（N  = 67）、城郊（N  = 57）、城市（N  = 28）和野生动物园（N = 30) 2015 年 10 月至 2016 年 12 月之间。所有样品均通过直接涂抹、沉降、浮选和 McMaster 技术进行测试。共检测到 14 种不同的 GI 寄生虫分类群，总体流行率为 54.4%（n  = 99；95% 置信区间 [CI]：46.9-61.8）。发现胃肠道寄生虫的流行与组中每个个体的平均寄生虫分类群显着相关（r  = 0.90; p  = 0.002）。多变量逻辑回归分析显示，在猕猴中，胃肠道寄生虫的总体流行率显着高于农村地区的猕猴（62.69%；优势比 [OR]：7.22；p  = 0.001）和与其他动物互动的猕猴（60.98%） ; 或: 5.49;p  = 0.005)。我们的结果还表明类圆线虫属的流行。和Balantidium coli感染在土地梯度之间有显着差异。我们的研究结果还表明，猕猴经常到人类住区寻找食物，并被发现与家畜互动。总之，在我们的研究中发现的恒河猴中人畜共患胃肠道寄生虫感染的高流行率可能对社区构成重大的公共卫生风险，特别是在孟加拉国的农村地区。有必要向高危社区宣传健康，重点是限制与恒河猴的接触，以减轻潜在的人畜共患病传播。