Chronological age (CA) is determined by time of birth, whereas biological age (BA) is based on changes on a cellular level and strongly correlates with morbidity, mortality, and longevity. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) associates with increased morbidity and mortality; thus, we hypothesized that BA would be increased and calculated it from biomarkers collected at routine clinical visits. Deidentified data was obtained from three cohorts of patients (20–80 years old)—T2D, type 1 diabetes (T1D), and prediabetes—and compared to gender- and age-matched non-diabetics. Eight clinical biomarkers that correlated with CA in people without diabetes were used to calculate BA using the Klemera and Doubal method 1 (KDM1) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The phenotypic age (PhAge) formula was used with its predetermined biomarkers. BA of people with T2D was, on average, 12.02 years higher than people without diabetes (p < 0.0001), while BA in T1D was 16.32 years higher (p < 0.0001). Results were corroborated using MLR and PhAge. The biomarkers with the strongest correlation to increased BA in T2D using KDM were A1c (R² = 0.23, p < 0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (R² = 0.21, p < 0.0001). BMI had a positive correlation to BA in non-diabetes subjects but disappeared in those with diabetes. Mortality data using the ACCORD trial was used to validate our results and showed a significant correlation between higher BA and decreased survival. In conclusion, BA is increased in people with diabetes, irrespective of pathophysiology, and to a lesser extent in prediabetes.

实际年龄 (CA) 由出生时间决定，而生物学年龄 (BA) 则基于细胞水平的变化，并且与发病率、死亡率和寿命密切相关。2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 与发病率和死亡率增加有关；因此，我们假设 BA 会增加，并根据在常规临床访问中收集的生物标志物计算它。来自三组患者（20-80 岁）——T2D、1 型糖尿病（T1D）和前驱糖尿病——的未识别数据，并与性别和年龄匹配的非糖尿病患者进行了比较。使用 Klemera 和 Doubal 方法 1 (KDM1) 和多元线性回归 (MLR) 使用八种与非糖尿病患者 CA 相关的临床生物标志物来计算 BA。表型年龄 (PhAge) 公式与其预定的生物标志物一起使用。患有 T2D 的人的 BA 是，p  < 0.0001），而 T1D 的 BA 高 16.32 年（p  < 0.0001）。使用 MLR 和 PhAge 证实了结果。使用 KDM 与 T2D 中 BA 增加具有最强相关性的生物标志物是 A1c ( R ²  = 0.23, p  < 0.0001) 和收缩压 ( R ²  = 0.21, p  < 0.0001)。BMI 在非糖尿病受试者中与 BA 呈正相关，但在糖尿病患者中消失。使用 ACCORD 试验的死亡率数据用于验证我们的结果，并显示较高的 BA 与降低的生存率之间存在显着相关性。总之，无论病理生理学如何，糖尿病患者的 BA 都会增加，而在糖尿病前期的程度较低。