Lithium (Li) metal is the ultimate negative electrode due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low negative electrochemical potential. However, the handling of lithium metal imposes safety concerns in transportation and production due to its reactive nature. Recently, anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) have drawn much attention because of several of their advantages, including higher energy density, lower cost, and fewer safety concerns during cell production compared to LMBs. Pushing the reversible Coulombic efficiency (CE) of AFLMBs up to 99.98% is key to achieving their 80% capacity retention over more than 1000 cycles. However, interfacial irreversible phenomena such as electrolyte decomposition reactions on both electrodes, dead Li formation, and Li dendrite formation result in poor capacity retention and short circuits in LMBs and AFLMBs. Therefore, it is of great importance and scientific interest to explore those interfacial irreversible phenomena to improve the cell’s cycle life. Although significant contributions toward mitigating electrolyte decomposition, dead lithium, and dendritic lithium formation have been reported at the lithium anode, real irreversible phenomena are usually hidden or difficult to discover due to excess lithium employed in LMBs and simultaneous events taking place in both electrodes or at the interfaces.

中文翻译：

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基于无阳极电池并结合各种分析技术的强大协议

锂 (Li) 金属由于其高理论比容量和低负电化学电位而成为最终的负极。然而，由于锂金属的反应性质，锂金属的处理在运输和生产中带来了安全问题。最近，与LMB相比，无阳极锂金属​​电池（AFLMB）因其能量密度更高、成本更低、电池生产过程中安全问题更少等优点而备受关注。将 AFLMB 的可逆库仑效率 (CE) 提高到 99.98% 是在 1000 多次循环中实现 80% 容量保持率的关键。然而，界面不可逆现象，例如两个电极上的电解质分解反应，死锂的形成，锂枝晶的形成导致 LMB 和 AFLMB 的容量保持能力差和短路。因此，探索这些界面不可逆现象以提高电池的循环寿命具有重要意义和科学价值。尽管在锂负极上已经报道了对减轻电解质分解、死锂和枝晶锂形成的重大贡献，但由于 LMB 中使用的过量锂以及两个电极或在两个电极同时发生的事件，真正的不可逆现象通常被隐藏或难以发现接口。