MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 21–24 nucleotides (nt) noncoding small RNAs ubiquitously distributed across the plant kingdom. miR482/2118, one of the conserved miRNA superfamilies originating from gymnosperms, has divergent main functions in core-angiosperms. It mainly regulates NUCLEOTIDE BINDING SITE-LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NBS-LRR) genes in eudicots, functioning as an essential component in plant disease resistance; in contrast, it predominantly targets numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in monocot grasses, which are vital for plant reproduction. Usually, miR482/2118 is 22-nt in length, which can trigger the production of phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) after directed cleavage. PhasiRNAs instigated from target genes of miR482/2118 enhance their roles in corresponding biological processes by cis-regulation on cognate genes and expands their function to other pathways via trans activity on different genes. This review summarizes the origin, biogenesis, conservation, and evolutionary characteristics of the miR482/2118 superfamily and delineates its diverse functions in disease resistance, plant development, stress responses, etc.

中文翻译：

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MicroRNA482/2118，一个对疾病抗性和植物发育都至关重要的 miRNA 超家族

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类 21-24 个核苷酸 (nt) 的非编码小 RNA，广泛分布于植物界。miR482/2118 是源自裸子植物的保守 miRNA 超家族之一，在核心被子植物中具有不同的主要功能。它主要调节核苷酸结合位点-富含亮氨酸的重复（NBS-LRR) 真双子叶植物中的基因，作为植物抗病性的重要组成部分；相比之下，它主要针对单子叶植物中的大量长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA)，这对植物繁殖至关重要。通常，miR482/2118 的长度为 22-nt，这可以在定向切割后触发阶段性小干扰 RNA (phasiRNA) 的产生。由 miR482/2118 的靶基因引发的 PhasiRNA 通过对同源基因的顺式调节增强其在相应生物学过程中的作用，并通过反式将其功能扩展到其他途径对不同基因的活性。本综述总结了 miR482/2118 超家族的起源、生物发生、保护和进化特征，并描述了其在抗病性、植物发育、胁迫反应等方面的多种功能。