A deep understanding of root–soil–microbe interactions in response to drip irrigation can help optimize drip irrigation techniques and improve crop yield; however, relevant knowledge remains limited. In this study, field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years to investigate the effects of surface drip irrigation (DI), subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and alternate drip irrigation (ADI) on root–soil–microbe interactions and tomato yield. The results showed that the soil moisture distribution uniformity in the root zone (0–60 cm depth) was reduced in the order SDI > DI > ADI. In the SDI treatment, the tomato root lengths were 4.83- and 3.94-fold higher than those in the DI and ADI treatments, respectively, and the relative abundances of Patescibacteria in the bacterial community and Blastocladiomycota in the fungal community were significantly elevated. In the ADI treatment, the root length was 1.23-fold higher than that in the DI treatment, and the relative abundance of Patescibacteria also increased significantly compared with that in the DI treatment. These changes led to distinct root–soil–microbe interactions. The most intensive positive root–soil–microbe interactions occurred in the SDI treatment, followed by the ADI and DI treatments. The differences in the root–soil–microbe interactions regulated tomato yield. The tomato yield in the SDI treatment was increased by 19.77% and 7.77% compared with that in the DI and ADI treatments, respectively. In the ADI treatment, the tomato yield was 24.09% higher than that in the DI treatment. Therefore, the different drip irrigation methods can regulate tomato yield by affecting root–soil–microbe interactions. The results provide a reference for the optimization of the drip irrigation mode to regulate root–soil–microbe interactions and increase tomato yield.

深入了解根系-土壤-微生物对滴灌响应的相互作用有助于优化滴灌技术并提高作物产量；然而，相关知识仍然有限。在这项研究中，连续两年进行了田间试验，以研究地表滴灌（DI）、地下滴灌（SDI）和交替滴灌（ADI）对根-土壤-微生物相互作用和番茄产量的影响。结果表明，根区（0-60 cm 深度）土壤水分分布均匀性以 SDI > DI > ADI 的顺序降低。在 SDI 处理中，番茄根长分别比 DI 和 ADI 处理高 4.83 倍和 3.94 倍，细菌群落中的 Patescibacteria 和真菌群落中的芽生菌的相对丰度显着升高。ADI处理的根长比DI处理高1.23倍，Patescibacteria的相对丰度也比DI处理显着增加。这些变化导致了不同的根-土壤-微生物相互作用。SDI 处理中发生最强烈的正根-土壤-微生物相互作用，其次是 ADI 和 DI 处理。根-土壤-微生物相互作用的差异调节了番茄产量。与DI和ADI处理相比，SDI处理番茄产量分别增加了19.77%和7.77%。ADI处理番茄产量比DI处理高24.09%。所以，不同的滴灌方法可以通过影响根-土壤-微生物相互作用来调节番茄产量。研究结果为优化滴灌模式以调节根-土壤-微生物相互作用和提高番茄产量提供参考。