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From Helsinki to “Mars” Soviet-Bloc Active Measures and the Struggle over Détente in Europe, 1975–1983
Journal of Cold War Studies ( IF 0.620 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-01 , DOI: 10.1162/jcws_a_01039
Douglas Selvage

After the signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) at Helsinki on 1 August 1975, the Soviet Union sought to compel the West to accept its vision for détente. This meant, on the one hand, the acceptance of the political and social status quo within the Soviet bloc and, on the other hand, the “completion” of the existing political détente with “military détente”—namely, East-West arms control agreements that preserved or augmented existing Warsaw Pact advantages. To this end, the KGB and its Soviet-bloc partners undertook two parallel campaigns of active measures, “Synonym” and “Mars.” Despite tactical successes, both campaigns failed to achieve their goals. The United States, supported by other Western governments, continued to pressure the Eastern-bloc governments on human rights violations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) continued to modernize its forces in Europe, most importantly with the stationing of U.S. Euromissiles in 1983 in accordance with NATO's dual-track decision of December 1979.



中文翻译:

从赫尔辛基到“火星”苏联集团的积极措施和欧洲缓和的斗争,1975-1983

1975 年 8 月 1 日在赫尔辛基签署欧洲安全与合作会议(欧安会)最后文件后,苏联试图迫使西方接受其缓和的愿景。这一方面意味着接受苏联集团内部的政治和社会现状,另一方面意味着用“军事缓和”来“完成”现有的政治缓和——即东西方军控。保留或增强现有华沙公约优势的协议。为此,克格勃及其苏联集团合作伙伴进行了两次平行的积极措施运动,“同义词”和“火星”。尽管战术上取得了成功,但两次战役都未能实现其目标。美国在其他西方政府的支持下,继续就侵犯人权问题向东方集团政府施压,

更新日期:2021-11-04
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