Diabetes is a global epidemic, of which type 2 diabetes makes up the majority of cases. Nonetheless, for some individuals, type 2 diabetes is eminently preventable and treatable via lifestyle interventions. Glucose uptake into skeletal muscle increases during and in recovery from exercise, with exercise effective at controlling glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, acute, and chronic exercise sensitizes skeletal muscle to insulin. A complex network of signals converge and interact to regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in response to exercise. Numerous forms of post-translational modifications (e.g. phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, ribosylation and more) are regulated by exercise. Here we review the current state-of-the-art of the role of post-translational modifications in transducing exercise-induced signals to modulate glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity within skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we consider emerging evidence for non-canonical signaling in the control of glucose homeostasis and the potential for regulation by exercise. While exercise is clearly an effective intervention to reduce glycemia and improve insulin sensitivity, the insulin- and exercise-sensitive signaling networks orchestrating this biology are not fully clarified. Elucidation of the complex proteome-wide interactions between post-translational modifications and the associated functional implications will identify mechanisms by which exercise regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. In doing so, this knowledge should illuminate novel therapeutic targets to enhance insulin sensitivity for the clinical management of type 2 diabetes.

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翻译后修饰：运动、葡萄糖摄取和胰岛素敏感性交汇处的信号

糖尿病是一种全球流行病，其中 2 型糖尿病占大多数。尽管如此，对于某些人来说，2 型糖尿病是可以通过生活方式干预来预防和治疗的。在运动期间和运动恢复过程中，骨骼肌对葡萄糖的摄取增加，运动可有效控制 2 型糖尿病患者的葡萄糖稳态。此外，急性和慢性运动使骨骼肌对胰岛素敏感。复杂的信号网络会聚并相互作用以调节葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素敏感性以响应运动。许多形式的翻译后修饰（例如磷酸化、泛素化、乙酰化、核糖基化等）都受到运动的调节。在这里，我们回顾了翻译后修饰在转导运动诱导信号以调节骨骼肌内的葡萄糖摄取和胰岛素敏感性中的作用的最新技术。此外，我们考虑了控制葡萄糖稳态的非规范信号传导的新证据以及运动调节的潜力。虽然运动显然是降低血糖和提高胰岛素敏感性的有效干预措施，但协调这种生物学的胰岛素和运动敏感信号网络尚未完全阐明。阐明翻译后修饰和相关功能影响之间复杂的蛋白质组范围内的相互作用将确定运动调节葡萄糖稳态和胰岛素敏感性的机制。在这样做，