Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been widely recognized as an effective strategy that may significantly contribute to achieving the net zero emission target by 2050. There are currently more than 50 CCS injection and pilot sites around the globe that may require a long-term integrity assessment to avoid leakages or contamination of subsurface resources. The major concern here is the complex interactions of CO₂ with rocks and other sealing materials (cement) that can be accelerated by pressure and temperature conditions. In this paper, we review different mechanisms that may lead to the generation of leakage paths in CO₂ geological sites and attempt to provide a risk assessment scheme that may improve the safety of injection and storage operations. It seems that the results reported from the laboratory experiments are still inconclusive and not comparable with the field observations. This could be due to the limited duration of the tests conducted, complexity of mechanisms involved and the slow reaction rates of many chemical processes in a CO₂ storage site. Geochemical reactions, pressure and temperature are the main parameters that can potentially induce leakages from different geological sites, but a poor cement job is perhaps the main reason behind the leakage of CO₂ from the near wellbore region during injection and storage.

碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 已被广泛认为是一种有效的战略，可以显着促进到 2050 年实现净零排放目标。 目前全球有 50 多个 CCS 注入和试点站点可能需要长期完整性评估，以避免地下资源的泄漏或污染。这里的主要问题是 CO ₂与岩石和其他密封材料（水泥）之间复杂的相互作用，压力和温度条件可以加速这种相互作用。在本文中，我们回顾了可能导致 CO ₂泄漏路径产生的不同机制地质遗址，并试图提供一个风险评估方案，以提高注入和储存作业的安全性。看来实验室实验报告的结果仍然没有定论，与实地观察没有可比性。这可能是由于所进行测试的持续时间有限、所涉及的机制复杂以及 CO ₂储存场所中许多化学过程的反应速率缓慢。地球化学反应、压力和温度是可能导致不同地质地点泄漏的主要参数，但水泥作业不佳可能是注入和储存过程中近井筒区域CO ₂泄漏的主要原因。