1. Ecological stability encompasses multiple dimensions of functional and compositional responses to environmental change. Though no single stability dimension used in isolation can fully reflect the overall response to environmental change, a common vulnerability assessment that integrates simultaneously across multiple stability components is highly desirable for ecological risk assessment.
2. We develop both functional and compositional counterparts of a novel, integrative metric of overall ecological vulnerability (OEV). We test the framework with data from a modularized experiment replicated in five lakes over two seasons, examining functional and compositional responses to both pulse and press disturbances across three trophic groups. OEV is measured as the area under the curve integrated over the entire observation period, with the curve delimiting the difference between the disturbance treatment and undisturbed parallel controls, expressed either as the log response ratio of biomass (functional OEV) or community dissimilarity index (compositional OEV).
3. Both, functional and compositional OEV correlated negatively with functional and compositional ‘resistance’, ‘temporal stability’ and ‘final/extent of recovery’ following both pulse and press disturbances, though less so with ‘resilience’ following a pulse disturbance. We also found a positive correlation between functional and compositional OEV, which reveals the potential to also evaluate the intricate linkage between biodiversity and functional change.
4. Our findings demonstrate that OEV comprises a robust framework to: (a) capture simultaneously multiple functional and compositional stability components, and (b) quantify the functional consequences of biodiversity change. Our results provide the basis for an overarching framework for quantifying the overall vulnerability of ecosystems to environmental change, opening new possibilities for ecological risk assessment and management.
5. Synthesis. Ecological stability comprises multiple dimensions that together encapsulate how ecosystems respond to environmental change. Considering these multiple aspects of stability simultaneously often poses a problem in environmental assessments, which frequently require overarching indicators of risk or vulnerability. While an analysis of multiple dimensions allows for deeper exploration of mechanisms, here we develop and test a new univariate indicator that integrates stability aspects under a broad range of disturbance regimes. Using a modularized experiment in Swedish lakes, we show that this integrative measure captures multiple stability dimensions reflecting compositional and functional vulnerability and their relationships between them.

中文翻译：

---

将生态稳定性的多个维度纳入脆弱性框架

1. 生态稳定性包括对环境变化的功能和成分响应的多个维度。尽管没有单独使用的单一稳定性维度能够充分反映对环境变化的整体响应，但同时整合多个稳定性成分的通用脆弱性评估对于生态风险评估是非常可取的。
2. 我们开发了一种新颖的整体生态脆弱性（OEV）综合指标的功能和组成对应物。我们使用来自两个季节在五个湖泊中复制的模块化实验的数据来测试该框架，检查三个营养组对脉冲和压力干扰的功能和成分反应。OEV 测量为在整个观察期间积分的曲线下面积，曲线限定了干扰处理和未干扰平行控制之间的差异，表示为生物量的对数响应比（功能 OEV）或群落差异指数（组成OEV)。
3. 功能和成分 OEV 都与脉搏和压力干扰后的功能和成分“抵抗力”、“时间稳定性”和“恢复的最终/程度”呈负相关，但与脉搏干扰后的“恢复力”相关性较小。我们还发现功能和组成 OEV 之间存在正相关，这揭示了评估生物多样性和功能变化之间复杂联系的潜力。
4. 我们的研究结果表明，OEV 包含一个强大的框架，可以：（a）同时捕获多个功能和组成稳定性成分，以及（b）量化生物多样性变化的功能后果。我们的结果为量化生态系统对环境变化的整体脆弱性的总体框架提供了基础，为生态风险评估和管理开辟了新的可能性。
5. 合成。生态稳定性包括多个维度，这些维度共同概括了生态系统如何应对环境变化。同时考虑稳定性的这些多个方面通常会给环境评估带来问题，这通常需要风险或脆弱性的总体指标。虽然多维度的分析允许对机制进行更深入的探索，但我们在这里开发和测试了一个新的单变量指标，该指标在广泛的干扰状态下整合了稳定性方面。通过在瑞典湖泊中进行的模块化实验，我们表明这种综合措施捕获了多个稳定性维度，反映了成分和功能的脆弱性以及它们之间的关系。