To measure stomatal traits automatically and nondestructively, a new method for detecting stomata and extracting stomatal traits was proposed. Two portable microscopes with different resolutions (TipScope with a 40× lens attached to a smartphone and ProScope HR2 with a 400× lens) are used to acquire images of living stomata in maize leaves. FPN model was used to detect stomata in the TipScope images and measure the stomata number and stomatal density. Faster RCNN model was used to detect opening and closing stomata in the ProScope HR2 images, and the number of opening and closing stomata was measured. An improved CV model was used to segment pores of opening stomata, and a total of 6 pore traits were measured. Compared to manual measurements, the square of the correlation coefficient (R²) of the 6 pore traits was higher than 0.85, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of these traits was 0.02%–6.34%. The dynamic stomata changes between wild-type B73 and mutant Zmfab1a were explored under drought and re-watering condition. The results showed that Zmfab1a had a higher resilience than B73 on leaf stomata. In addition, the proposed method was tested to measure the leaf stomatal traits of other nine species. In conclusion, a portable and low-cost stomata phenotyping method that could accurately and dynamically measure the characteristic parameters of living stomata was developed. An open-access and user-friendly web portal was also developed which has the potential to be used in the stomata phenotyping of large populations in the future.

中文翻译：

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StomataScorer：一种便携式、高通量叶气孔特征评分器，结合深度学习和改进的 CV 模型

为了自动、无损地测量气孔性状，提出了一种检测气孔和提取气孔性状的新方法。两个具有不同分辨率的便携式显微镜（TipScope 与智能手机连接 40 倍镜头和 ProScope HR2 与 400 倍镜头）用于获取玉米叶中活气孔的图像。FPN模型用于检测TipScope图像中的气孔并测量气孔数量和气孔密度。采用 Faster RCNN 模型检测 ProScope HR2 图像中的开闭气孔，并测量开闭气孔的数量。采用改进的CV模型对开口气孔的孔隙进行分割，共测量了6个孔隙特征。与手动测量相比，相关系数的平方 ( R ²) 的 6 个孔隙性状均高于 0.85，这些性状的平均绝对百分比误差 (MAPE) 为 0.02%–6.34%。探讨了干旱和再浇水条件下野生型B73和突变型Zmfab1a之间气孔的动态变化。结果表明，Zmfab1a对叶片气孔的恢复能力高于B73。此外，对所提出的方法进行了测试，以测量其他九种植物的叶片气孔特征。总之，开发了一种便携式、低成本的气孔表型方法，可以准确、动态地测量活体气孔的特征参数。还开发了一个开放访问和用户友好的门户网站，该门户网站有可能在未来用于大量人群的气孔表型分析。