In this proof-of-principle paper, the application of 2-D optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) modulation to long-range automotive time-of-flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is studied. The regulations and physical constraints that govern the design parameters are reviewed. Using 2-D carrier-hopping prime codes (CHPCs), the modulation model and a novel 2-D hard-limiting decoder are designed and validated with OptiSystem $^{\rm {TM}}$ simulations. Based on the design parameters, the 2-D CHPCs have six times as many distinct sequences (for sensor identification) as 1-D code sequences. Analytical and simulation studies show that the proposed 2-D OCDMA modulation model can eliminate the near-far (power) problem and support more LiDAR sensors with distinctive ToF tags, greater interference robustness for more simultaneous ToF measurements, and better performance than the 1-D counterparts. The simulation results show that the 2-D model can support four times as many simultaneous emitting sensors without false detections as the 1-D model. In summary, the 2-D OCDMA modulation has more benefits and is more cost efficient overall, even though it is more complex.

中文翻译：

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用于汽车飞行时间 LiDAR 的具有硬限制的 2-D 光 CDMA 调制

在这篇原理验证论文中，研究了二维光码分多址 (OCDMA) 调制在远程汽车飞行时间 (ToF) 光检测和测距 (LiDAR) 中的应用。审查管理设计参数的法规和物理约束。使用二维载波跳频素码 (CHPC)，设计调制模型和新型二维硬限制解码器并使用 OptiSystem 进行验证 $^{\rm {TM}}$模拟。根据设计参数，二维 CHPC 的不同序列（用于传感器识别）是一维代码序列的六倍。分析和仿真研究表明，所提出的 2-D OCDMA 调制模型可以消除远近（功率）问题，并支持更多具有独特 ToF 标签的 LiDAR 传感器、更强的干扰鲁棒性以实现更多同步 ToF 测量，以及比 1- D 同行。仿真结果表明，二维模型可以支持四倍于一维模型的无误检测的同时发射传感器。总而言之，2-D OCDMA 调制具有更多优势，并且总体上更具成本效益，尽管它更复杂。