Rio de Janeiro’s ‘war on drugs’ is notorious for its outrageous violence in the metropolis’ poorest neighbourhoods, the ‘favelas’, which are home to over a million people. Many of these favelas are under the rule of heavily armed drug gangs whose social and territorial control is only sporadically challenged by the state. The local government has increasingly opted for so-called ’incursions’ into these dangerous places, i.e., raid-like operations by special police units to arrest criminal suspects and confiscate weapons and illegal narcotic drugs. Whenever possible, these units are protected by armoured vehicles and ironclad helicopters with snipers on board. Routinely, this ‘war approach’ results in the use of lethal force and other traumatic incidents. More than once, Brazil has been internationally condemned for serious human rights violations in this particular context. Meanwhile, alarming references suggest that arbitrary killings and other inhumane acts have recently become widespread or even systematic, raising the question of whether there is a reasonable basis to believe that crimes against humanity have been committed. This article examines the crime’s contextual elements by focussing on the period of Federal Intervention into public security matters within the jurisdiction of the state of Rio de Janeiro (16 February 2018–31 December 2018).

中文翻译：

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生于不祥之兆

里约热内卢的“毒品战争”因其在该大都市最贫困的社区“贫民窟”发生的令人发指的暴力事件而臭名昭著，那里拥有超过 100 万人。这些贫民窟中有许多处于全副武装的贩毒团伙的统治之下，他们的社会和领土控制只是偶尔受到国家的挑战。当地政府越来越多地选择所谓的“入侵”这些危险的地方，即特警部队采取突袭式的行动，逮捕犯罪嫌疑人，没收武器和非法毒品。只要有可能，这些单位就会受到装甲车和配备狙击手的铁甲直升机的保护。通常，这种“战争方式”会导致使用致命武力和其他创伤性事件。不止一次，在这种特殊情况下，巴西因严重侵犯人权而受到国际谴责。同时，令人震惊的参考资料表明，任意杀戮和其他不人道行为最近变得普遍甚至系统化，提出了是否有合理依据认为已经犯下危害人类罪的问题。本文通过关注联邦干预里约热内卢州管辖范围内的公共安全事务的时期（2018 年 2 月 16 日至 2018 年 12 月 31 日）来审视犯罪的背景要素。提出是否有合理依据认为已经犯下危害人类罪的问题。本文通过关注联邦干预里约热内卢州管辖范围内的公共安全事务的时期（2018 年 2 月 16 日至 2018 年 12 月 31 日）来审视犯罪的背景要素。提出是否有合理依据认为已经犯下危害人类罪的问题。本文通过关注联邦干预里约热内卢州管辖范围内的公共安全事务的时期（2018 年 2 月 16 日至 2018 年 12 月 31 日）来审视犯罪的背景要素。