Abrupt changes in climatic conditions, exploitation of natural resources, and land degradation exacerbate soil erosion. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion dynamics in Pakistan for 2005 and 2015 at 1 km² spatial resolution using six influencing factors: rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope-length (L), slope-steepness (S), cover management (C), and conservation practice (P). The well-accepted revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was implemented to estimate soil erosion. The soil erosion maps were categorized into four classes: low (<1), medium (1–5), high (5–20), and very high (>20) — and transitions among these classes were determined by applying the change matrix method to assess soil erosion (ton ha^-1 yr^-1) changes from 2005 to 2015. Furthermore, spatial patterns and soil erosion dynamics were evaluated for seven administrative units of Pakistan to examine conservation efforts and ecosystem services. Major findings of this study indicate, that at the national scale, an estimated soil erosion of 1.79 ± 11.52 ton ha^-1 yr^-1 in 2005, which increased to 2.47 ± 18.14 ton ha^-1 yr^-1 in 2015. This intensification of soil erosion is coupled with land cover and land use changes (LCLUC) due to population expansion, infrastructural development, and exploitation of natural resources. This study's analytical framework and outcomes could be used for developing effective conservation policies to control soil erosion at various spatial scales in Pakistan.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦土地覆盖和土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀变化的影响评估（2005-2015）

气候条件的突然变化、自然资源的开发和土地退化加剧了土壤侵蚀。本研究使用六个影响因素对巴基斯坦 2005 年和 2015 年的土壤侵蚀动态进行了 1 km ²空间分辨率的综合评估：降雨侵蚀力 (R)、土壤可蚀性 (K)、坡长 (L)、坡度陡度 ( S)、覆盖管理 (C) 和保护实践 (P)。实施了广为接受的修订通用土壤流失方程 (RUSLE) 来估算土壤侵蚀。土壤侵蚀图被分为四类：低（<1）、中（1-5）、高（5-20​​）和非常高（>20）——这些类之间的转换是通过应用变化矩阵来确定的评估土壤侵蚀的方法（吨公顷^-1年^-1) 从 2005 年到 2015 年的变化。此外，评估了巴基斯坦七个行政单位的空间格局和土壤侵蚀动态，以检查保护工作和生态系统服务。本研究的主要发现表明，在全国范围内，2005年估计的土壤侵蚀量为 1.79±11.52 吨公顷^-1年^-1，增加到 2.47±18.14 吨公顷^-1年^-12015 年。由于人口扩张、基础设施开发和自然资源开发，这种土壤侵蚀加剧与土地覆盖和土地利用变化 (LCLUC) 相结合。本研究的分析框架和结果可用于制定有效的保护政策，以控制巴基斯坦不同空间尺度的土壤侵蚀。