Internuclear distances represent one of the main structural constraints in molecular structure determination using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, complementing chemical shifts and orientational restraints. Although a large number of magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR techniques have been available for distance measurements, traditional ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR experiments are inherently limited to distances of a few angstroms due to the low gyromagnetic ratios of these nuclei. Recent development of fast MAS triple-resonance ¹⁹F and ¹H NMR probes has stimulated the design of MAS NMR experiments that measure distances in the 1–2 nm range with high sensitivity. This review describes the principles and applications of these multiplexed multidimensional correlation distance NMR experiments, with an emphasis on ¹⁹F- and ¹H-based distance experiments. Representative applications of these long-distance NMR methods to biological macromolecules as well as small molecules are reviewed.

中文翻译：

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从埃到纳米：通过固态 NMR 测量原子间距离

核间距离代表了使用固态核磁共振光谱确定分子结构的主要结构限制之一，补充了化学位移和取向限制。尽管大量魔角旋转 (MAS) NMR 技术可用于距离测量，但由于这些原子核的低旋磁比，传统的¹³ C 和^{15 N NMR 实验本质上仅限于几埃的距离。}快速 MAS 三重共振¹⁹ F 和^{1的最新发展}H NMR 探针激发了 MAS NMR 实验的设计，该实验以高灵敏度测量 1-2 nm 范围内的距离。这篇综述描述了这些多路复用多维相关距离核磁共振实验的原理和应用，重点是基于¹⁹ F 和¹ H 的距离实验。回顾了这些长距离核磁共振方法在生物大分子和小分子中的代表性应用。