The hydrologic sciences and water resources management have long depended on a combination of in situ measurements and remotely sensed data for research and regulatory purposes. In situ measurements are constrained in their spatial distribution by both logistics and costs. Satellite- and manned aircraft-based remote sensing provide spatially broad data, but often of a coarse resolution. Furthermore, all these data collection methods are often limited in their ability to respond to specific short-term events when the data and imagery could inform real-time assessment and decision-making, especially during and immediately after natural disasters. Researchers and regulators are increasingly using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to fill these gaps in both spatial and temporal data resolution. UAVs are often more cost-effective than traditional remote sensing or in situ data collection methodologies and the availability of new advancements in UAV design, power supply, payload capacity, and sensors has been driving rapid innovations in their use in the hydrological sciences. This in-depth review explores these UAV technologies and how they are being employed for on-demand and cost-effective characterization, monitoring, assessment, and modeling of soil and water resources. Our discussion addresses both key opportunities and challenges in surface water and groundwater studies, land-atmosphere interaction studies, water management in agriculture and forestry, ecosystem monitoring, and hydrological modeling.

中文翻译：

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水文和水资源管理中的无人机：应用、挑战和前景

长期以来，水文科学和水资源管理都依赖于将原位测量和遥感数据结合起来进行研究和监管。现场测量的空间分布受到物流和成本的限制。基于卫星和有人驾驶飞机的遥感提供空间广泛的数据，但通常分辨率较低。此外，当数据和图像可以为实时评估和决策提供信息时，尤其是在自然灾害期间和之后，所有这些数据收集方法在响应特定短期事件的能力方面往往受到限制。研究人员和监管机构越来越多地使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 来填补这些空间和时间数据分辨率的空白。无人机通常比传统的遥感或原位数据收集方法更具成本效益，并且无人机设计、电源、有效载荷能力和传感器方面的新进步推动了它们在水文科学中的应用的快速创新。这篇深入的评论探讨了这些无人机技术以及它们如何被用于按需和具有成本效益的表征、监测、评估和土壤和水资源建模。我们的讨论涉及地表水和地下水研究、陆地-大气相互作用研究、农业和林业用水管理、生态系统监测和水文建模方面的关键机遇和挑战。传感器一直在推动它们在水文科学中的应用的快速创新。这篇深入的评论探讨了这些无人机技术以及它们如何被用于按需和具有成本效益的表征、监测、评估和土壤和水资源建模。我们的讨论涉及地表水和地下水研究、陆地-大气相互作用研究、农业和林业用水管理、生态系统监测和水文建模方面的关键机遇和挑战。传感器一直在推动它们在水文科学中的应用的快速创新。这篇深入的评论探讨了这些无人机技术以及它们如何被用于按需和具有成本效益的表征、监测、评估和土壤和水资源建模。我们的讨论涉及地表水和地下水研究、陆地-大气相互作用研究、农业和林业用水管理、生态系统监测和水文建模方面的关键机遇和挑战。