Probiotics administration can facilitate the restoration of host gut microbiota/metabolome after antibiotic treatment. Yet, the mechanism behind such beneficial effects remains unclear. This study constructed a rat model of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis to monitor the effects and mechanism of probiotic (Lactobacillus casei Zhang) treatment in maintaining gut homeostasis and restoring the gut microbiota/metabolome. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 per group): control receiving only saline (Ctrl), antibiotic (AB-Ctrl), antibiotic followed by probiotic (AB-Prob), and antibiotic plus probiotic followed by probiotic (AB+Prob). Rat fecal microbiota and sera were collected at four time points from pre-treatment to post-treatment. The probiotic-treated group (AB+Prob) had significantly more Parabacteroides (P.) goldsteinii after one week of antibiotic and probiotic intervention but fewer antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)-possessing bacteria (Clostridioides difficile and Burkholderiales bacterium). Consistently, metabolomics data revealed that both probiotic groups had more acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid post treatment. Moreover, a potential probiotic species, P. goldsteinii, strongly correlated with L. casei, as well as propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid. Furthermore, administering probiotic lowered the serum IL-1α level. In contrast, the antibiotic-recipients had a higher irreversible level of IL-1α, suggesting inflammation of the rats. Thus, antibiotic treatment not only led to host gut dysbiosis, but inflammatory responses and an increase in gut ARGs. Daily L. casei Zhang supplementation could alleviate the side effect of cefdinir intervention and facilitate the restoration of gut microbial homeostasis, and these probiotic effects might involve P. goldsteinii-mediated beneficial activities.

服用益生菌可以促进抗生素治疗后宿主肠道微生物群/代谢组的恢复。然而，这种有益效果背后的机制仍不清楚。本研究构建了抗生素诱导的肠道菌群失调的大鼠模型，以监测益生菌（Lactobacillus casei Zhang）治疗在维持肠道稳态和恢复肠道微生物群/代谢组方面的作用和机制。40 只大鼠随机分为四组（每组 n=10）：对照组仅接受生理盐水 (Ctrl)、抗生素 (AB-Ctrl)、抗生素后接益生菌 (AB-Prob) 和抗生素加益生菌后接益生菌 (AB +概率）。在治疗前到治疗后的四个时间点收集大鼠粪便微生物群和血清。益生菌治疗组 (AB+Prob) 的Parabacteroides ( P .) goldsteinii经过一周的抗生素和益生菌干预，但具有抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的细菌（艰难梭菌和伯克霍尔德氏菌）较少。代谢组学数据一致显示，两个益生菌组在处理后都有更多的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸。此外，一种潜在的益生菌物种P. goldsteinii与干酪乳杆菌密切相关，以及丙酸、丁酸和戊酸。此外，服用益生菌降低了血清 IL-1α 水平。相比之下，抗生素接受者的 IL-1α 水平更高，不可逆，表明大鼠有炎症。因此，抗生素治疗不仅会导致宿主肠道菌群失调，还会导致炎症反应和肠道 ARG 增加。每日补充L. casei Zhang 可以减轻头孢地尼干预的副作用并促进肠道微生物稳态的恢复，这些益生菌作用可能涉及P. goldsteinii介导的有益活动。