This article assesses the increasingly important and diverse role undertaken by a range of ‘soft-law’ counter-terrorism instruments since September 2001. It starts from the proposition that states increasingly use soft-law standards to regulate in the counter-terrorism, countering violent extremism and preventing violent extremism arenas. The article identifies a broad range of soft-law instruments and assesses their normative and practical importance for states. In parallel, the analysis identifies and maps a range of new institutions and entities producing such norms, paying particular attention to their membership, legal basis, terms of reference and working methods. The role and importance of these new institutions is broadly addressed. The article argues that soft-law production in counter-terrorism has weakened human rights protections across the globe and provided cover for sustained rights violations in multiple national contexts. As a result, human rights norms are not meaningfully included in the creation and implementation of these norms. The article pays particular attention to the lack of pathways for human rights standards to be meaningfully integrated, accounted for and benchmarked in the creation of counter-terrorism soft law. It identifies the ways in which new institutions have inter alia been established precisely to avoid the normative and institutional application of these standards to the counter-terrorism norm creation process. The article starts to trace the movement of some ‘soft-law’ norms to hard-law standards, illustrating the dense relationship between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law in the counter-terrorism arena.

中文翻译：

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全球反恐架构中的“软法”、非正式立法和“新制度”

本文评估了自 2001 年 9 月以来一系列“软法”反恐文书所发挥的日益重要和多样化的作用。它从各国越来越多地使用软法标准来规范反恐、打击暴力极端主义和防止暴力极端主义的舞台。本文确定了范围广泛的软法律文书，并评估了它们对国家的规范和实际重要性。同时，该分析确定并绘制了一系列制定此类规范的新机构和实体，特别关注其成员资格、法律基础、职权范围和工作方法。这些新机构的作用和重要性得到广泛讨论。文章认为，反恐中的软法生产削弱了全球的人权保护，并为在多个国家背景下持续侵犯人权提供了掩护。因此，人权规范没有被有意义地纳入这些规范的创建和实施中。本文特别关注人权标准在制定反恐软法时缺乏有效整合、解释和基准的途径。它确定了建立新机构的方式，尤其是为了避免这些标准在反恐规范制定过程中的规范性和制度性应用。这篇文章开始追溯一些“软法”规范向硬法标准的转变，