The photoproduction of large $p_T$ dileptons, photons, and light vector mesons in $p\text{−}p$, $p\text{−}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $\mathrm{Pb}\text{−}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at LHC energies is studied, where the fragmentation processes and the ultra-incoherent photon channel are included. An exact treatment is developed for photoproduction processes in heavy ion collisions, which recovers the equivalent photon approximation (EPA) in the limit $Q^2\to 0$ and can avoid double counting effectively. The full kinematical relations are also achieved. We present the results as the distributions in $Q^2$, $p_T$, and $y_r$, and the total cross sections are also estimated. The numerical results indicate that the contribution of photoproduction processes is evident in the large $p_T$ and $y_r$ regions and starts to play a fundamental role in $p\text{−}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions. The ultra-incoherent photon emission is an important channel of photoproduction processes, which can provide the meaningful contributions. EPA is only applicable in small $y$ and $Q^2$ domains and is very sensitive to the values of $y_{\max }$ and $Q_{\max }^2$. The EPA errors appear when $y>0.29$ and $Q^2>0.1{\mathrm{GeV}}^2$ and are rather serious in $p\text{−}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}\text{−}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions. When dealing with widely kinematical regions, the exact treatment needs to be adopted.

中文翻译：

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大型强子对撞机能量下 p-p、p-Pb 和 Pb-Pb 碰撞中双轻子、光子和光矢量介子的光产生

大型摄影制作 ${磷}_{吨}$ 双轻子、光子和光矢量介子 $磷\text{-}磷$, $磷\text{-}铅$， 和 $铅\text{-}铅$研究了 LHC 能量下的碰撞，其中包括碎裂过程和超非相干光子通道。为重离子碰撞中的光产生过程开发了一种精确的处理方法，可在极限范围内恢复等效光子近似 (EPA)${问}^2\to 0$并且可以有效避免重复计算。也实现了完整的运动学关系。我们将结果表示为分布${问}^2$, ${磷}_{吨}$， 和 ${是}_r$，并且还估计了总横截面。数值结果表明，光生产过程的贡献在大${磷}_{吨}$ 和 ${是}_r$ 地区并开始发挥基础性作用 $磷\text{-}铅$碰撞。超非相干光子发射是光产生过程的重要渠道，可以提供有意义的贡献。EPA 仅适用于小型$是$ 和 ${问}^2$ 域并且对值非常敏感 ${是}_{\mathrm{最大限度}}$ 和 ${问}_{\mathrm{最大限度}}^2$. EPA 错误出现在$是>0.29$ 和 ${问}^2>0.1{\mathrm{电子伏特}}^2$ 并且相当认真 $磷\text{-}铅$ 和 $铅\text{-}铅$碰撞。在处理广泛的运动学区域时，需要采用精确的处理方法。