The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees assumes States to be dominant actors in the international system, important in the refugee law context as potential sources of risk and/or of protection. In the refugee definition at article 1A(2), the nationality (or absence of nationality) of the individual is a central consideration. Entitlement to protection turns in significant part upon whether an individual is ‘outside the country of his nationality’ and ‘unable or … unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country’ for relevant reason. The phrase ‘the country of his nationality’ is clarified later, in the second paragraph of that article 1A(2), as meaning each country of nationality, where an individual possesses more than one nationality. In contrast, an individual ‘not having a nationality’ is assessed by reference to inability or unwillingness, for qualifying reason, ‘to return to’ a country defined by past residence, not nationality – ‘the country of his former habitual residence’. This article examines the underlying significance of States to international refugee law as potential sources both of threat and of protection, and considers the article 1A(2) definition in the case of persons with a nationality, resting on the individual’s position as regards ‘the country of his nationality’. In doing so, it identifies particular national approaches that have treated the concept either as including countries of which an individual is not a national, but to which there is some presumed or real relationship, or as inapplicable to a State of nationality that does not provide a particular level of protection. It then considers the interpretation of the article 1A(2) definition in the case of individuals possessing multiple nationality and, in particular, whether the definition requires that a well-founded fear of persecution for relevant reason must relate directly to every country of nationality before a right to international protection arises.

中文翻译：

---

为 1951 年《关于难民地位的公约》第 1A(2) 条的目的，国籍、保护和作为参考国的“其国籍国”

1951 年《关于难民地位的公约》假定国家是国际体系中的主导行为者，在难民法背景下作为潜在的风险和/或保护来源很重要。在第 1A(2)条的难民定义中，个人的国籍（或无国籍）是一个核心考虑因素。获得保护的权利在很大程度上取决于个人是否“在其国籍国之外”以及“不能或……不愿意利用该国的保护”。稍后在第 1A(2)条第 2 款中澄清了“其国籍国”这一短语，即个人拥有多个国籍的每个国籍国。相比之下，一个人“没有国籍”的评估是参照不能或不愿意，出于符合条件的原因，“返回”一个由过去居住地而不是国籍定义的国家——“他以前经常居住的国家”。本文考察了国家对国际难民法作为威胁和保护的潜在来源的潜在意义，并考虑了第 1A(2) 条在具有国籍的人的情况下的定义，该定义基于个人对“国家”的立场。他的国籍”。在这样做时，它确定了将这一概念视为包括个人不是国民但与之存在某种假定或实际关系的国家的特定国家方法，或不适用于不提供特定保护水平的国籍国。然后，它考虑在拥有多重国籍的个人的情况下对第 1A(2) 条定义的解释，特别是该定义是否要求有充分理由担心因相关原因而受到迫害的人必须与之前的每个国籍国直接相关。获得国际保护的权利就产生了。