The increasing use of chemicals in the European Union (EU) has resulted in environmental emissions and wildlife exposures. For approving a chemical within the EU, producers need to conduct an environmental risk assessment, which typically relies on data generated under laboratory conditions without considering the ecological and landscape context. To address this gap and add information on emerging contaminants and chemical mixtures, we analysed 30 livers of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from northern Germany with high resolution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for the identification of >2400 contaminants. We then modelled the influence of trophic position (δ¹⁵N), habitat (δ¹³C) and landscape on chemical residues and screened for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties using an in silico model to unravel mismatches between predicted PBT properties and observed exposures. Despite having generally low PBT scores, most detected contaminants were medicinal products with oxfendazole and salicylamide being most frequent. Chemicals of the Stockholm Convention such as 4,4′-DDE and PCBs were present in all samples below toxicity thresholds. Among PFAS, especially PFOS showed elevated concentrations compared to other studies. In contrast, PFCA levels were low and increased with δ¹⁵N, which indicated an increase with preying on piscivorous species. Among plant protection products, spiroxamine and simazine were frequently detected with increasing concentrations in agricultural landscapes. The in silico model has proven to be reliable for predicting PBT properties for most chemicals. However, chemical exposures in apex predators are complex and do not solely rely on intrinsic chemical properties but also on other factors such as ecology and landscape. We therefore recommend that ecological contexts, mixture toxicities, and chemical monitoring data should be more frequently considered in regulatory risk assessments, e.g. in a weight of evidence approach, to trigger risk management measures before adverse effects in individuals or populations start to manifest.

欧盟 (EU) 日益增加的化学品使用导致环境排放和野生动物暴露。为了在欧盟批准一种化学品，生产商需要进行环境风险评估，这通常依赖于在实验室条件下生成的数据，而不考虑生态和景观背景。为了弥补这一差距并添加有关新出现的污染物和化学混合物的信息，我们分析了来自德国北部的30 只白尾海雕 ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) 的肝脏，采用高分辨率质谱联用液相和气相色谱法，鉴定了超过 2400 种污染物. 然后我们模拟了营养位置 (δ ¹⁵ N)、栖息地 (δ ¹³C) 和化学残留物景观，并使用计算机模型筛选持久性、生物累积性和毒性 (PBT) 特性，以揭示预测的 PBT 特性与观察到的暴露之间的不匹配。尽管 PBT 评分普遍较低，但大多数检测到的污染物是药物产品，其中奥芬达唑和水杨酰胺最为常见。斯德哥尔摩公约的化学品，例如4,4' -DDE 和多氯联苯，存在于低于毒性阈值的所有样品中。在 PFAS 中，特别是 PFOS 的浓度高于其他研究。相比之下，PFCA 水平较低，并随着 δ ^{15 的}增加而增加N，这表明随着捕食鱼类物种的增加而增加。在植物保护产品中，螺胺和西马津在农业景观中的浓度不断增加。将在硅片模式已经被证明是可靠的预测对大部分的化学药品PBT性能。然而，顶级捕食者的化学暴露是复杂的，不仅依赖于内在的化学特性，还依赖于生态和景观等其他因素。因此，我们建议在监管风险评估中更频繁地考虑生态环境、混合物毒性和化学监测数据，例如在证据权重方法中，以便在个人或人群的不利影响开始显现之前触发风险管理措施。