Fishes are subject to numerous stressors, including climate change, fishing and impacts by alien species. One of the challenges in understanding species and community responses to these stressors is identifying how they modify predator–prey interactions, a key process shaping aquatic food webs. Here, we aim to synthesize how species traits, such as size, activity level and alien status, and environmental factors, such as water temperature, shape the functional response: the change in predator consumption rate in relation to changes in prey density. We compiled over 300 fish functional responses and examined sources of variation in two key parameters dictating its shape: handling times and space clearance rates. We found that compared to cold waters, warmer waters were characterized by decreased handling times and increased space clearance rates for smaller predators, but had an opposite effect for bigger predators, suggesting that, across species, altered predation rates may underlie the decrease in size at higher temperatures (the temperature-size rule). We also found that the negative effect of increased temperature on the functional response of larger predators is more pronounced in active species. Finally, we found that known alien species do not exhibit different functional response parameters when examined on their native prey, suggesting that alien species are not primed for invasion via their high functional response. Together, these asymmetric changes imply that, across species, warmer waters may alter predator–prey relationships differentially according to predator size, prey size and activity levels.

中文翻译：

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综合物种间鱼类功能反应的驱动因素

鱼类受到许多压力因素的影响，包括气候变化、捕捞和外来物种的影响。了解物种和群落对这些压力源的反应的挑战之一是确定它们如何改变捕食者与猎物的相互作用，这是塑造水生食物网的关键过程。在这里，我们的目标是综合物种特征（如大小、活动水平和外来状态）以及环境因素（如水温）如何塑造功能反应：捕食者消耗率的变化与猎物密度的变化有关。我们汇编了 300 多条鱼的功能反应，并检查了决定其形状的两个关键参数的变化来源：处理时间和空间清除率。我们发现，与冷水相比，温暖水域的特点是较小的捕食者的处理时间减少和空间清除率增加，但对较大的捕食者有相反的影响，这表明，跨物种，改变的捕食率可能是较高温度下大小减小的基础（温度大小规则）。我们还发现，温度升高对大型捕食者功能反应的负面影响在活跃物种中更为明显。最后，我们发现已知的外来物种在对其本地猎物进行检查时并没有表现出不同的功能反应参数，这表明外来物种并没有通过它们的高功能反应为入侵做好准备。总之，这些不对称的变化意味着，跨物种，温暖的水域可能会根据捕食者的大小不同地改变捕食者 - 猎物的关系，