Interest in economically and ecologically sustainable cocoa has grown in recent years. Cocoa-based agroforestry systems are promoted as a potential win-win option for long-term yields, multiple benefits, and the preservation of biodiversity. Yet, even though recent studies have shown such agroforests can support biodiversity, their value relative to natural areas and open-land systems is not fully known. We estimated the biodiversity intactness (BII) of different land uses associated with cocoa-driven land-use change using mixed-effects models. We distinguished between agroforests established under natural shade and those grown from open land, and compared these to intensively grown cropland (including cocoa monoculture), and primary and secondary forest. We found that species richness in cocoa-based agroforestry systems, under both natural and planted shade, was lower than in primary forests but higher than in open-land systems. However, we found that land-use history influenced the biodiversity intactness of agroforests: whilst open-land-derived cocoa-based agroforestry systems and forest-derived cocoa-based agroforestry systems share similar species richness, open-land-derived cocoa-based agroforestry systems have lower community similarity to primary forest than forest-derived cocoa-based agroforestry systems. The results highlight that high levels of BII can be sustained by retaining the natural shade in existing agroforestry systems, but also that incentivising planted shade agroforestry can enhance biodiversity intactness in degraded areas whilst delivering co-benefits. Importantly, the results highlight that cocoa planning seeking to achieve biodiversity benefits should consider the direction of land use and biodiversity transitions.

近年来，人们对经济和生态可持续的可可的兴趣日益浓厚。以可可为基础的农林业系统被推广为一种潜在的双赢选择，可实现长期产量、多重效益和保护生物多样性。然而，尽管最近的研究表明这种农林可以支持生物多样性，但它们相对于自然区域和开阔土地系统的价值尚不完全清楚。我们使用混合效应模型估计了与可可驱动的土地利用变化相关的不同土地利用的生物多样性完整性 (BII)。我们区分了在自然遮荫下建立的农林和从开阔地生长的农林，并将它们与集约化种植的农田（包括可可单一栽培）以及初级和次生林进行了比较。我们发现以可可为基础的农林业系统的物种丰富度，在自然和人工遮荫下，均低于原始森林，但高于开阔土地系统。然而，我们发现土地利用历史影响了农林的生物多样性完整性：虽然开放土地衍生的可可基农林业系统和森林衍生的可可基农林业系统具有相似的物种丰富度，但开放土地衍生的可可基农林业系统系统与原始森林的群落相似性低于源自森林的可可基农林业系统。结果强调，通过在现有农林复合系统中保留自然遮荫可以维持高水平的 BII，而且鼓励种植的遮荫农林复合可以增强退化地区的生物多样性完整性，同时带来共同利益。重要的，