Ferroelectric materials, upon electric field biasing, display polarization discontinuities known as Barkhausen jumps, a subclass of a more general phenomenon known as crackling noise. Herein, we follow and visualize in real time the motion of single 90° needle domains induced by an electric field applied in the polarization direction of the prototypical ferroelectric ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_3$, inside a transmission electron microscope. The nature of motion and periodicity of the Barkhausen pulses leads to distinctive interactions between domains forming a herringbone pattern. Remarkably, the tips of the domains do not come into contact with the body of the perpendicular domain, suggesting the presence of strong electromechanical fields around the tips of the needle domains. Additionally, interactions of the domains with the lattice result in relatively free movement of the domain walls through the dielectric medium, indicating that their motion-related activation energy depends only on weak Peierls-like potentials. Control over the kinetics of ferroelastic domain wall motion can lead to novel nanoelectronic devices pertinent to computing and data storage applications.

中文翻译：

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铁弹性纳米域的单个巴克豪森脉冲

铁电材料在电场偏置时显示出称为巴克豪森跳跃的极化不连续性，这是一种更普遍的现象，称为爆裂噪声的子类。在这里，我们实时跟踪和可视化由施加在原型铁电体极化方向上的电场引起的单个 90° 针域的运动。${\mathrm{钛酸钡}}_3$，在透射电子显微镜内。巴克豪森脉冲的运动和周期性的性质导致形成人字形图案的域之间的独特相互作用。值得注意的是，域的尖端不与垂直域的主体接触，表明针域尖端周围存在强机电场。此外，畴与晶格的相互作用导致畴壁通过电介质的相对自由运动，表明它们的运动相关激活能仅依赖于弱类 Peierls 电位。控制铁弹性畴壁运动的动力学可以产生与计算和数据存储应用相关的新型纳米电子设备。