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Wilderness areas in a changing landscape: changes in land use, land cover, and climate
Ecological Applications ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2021-10-09 , DOI: 10.1002/eap.2471
Jocelyn L Aycrigg 1 , T Ryan Mccarley 1 , R Travis Belote 2 , Sebastian Martinuzzi 3
Affiliation  

Wilderness areas are not immune to changes in land use, land cover, and/or climate. Future changes will intensify the balancing act of maintaining ecological conditions and untrammeled character within wilderness areas. We assessed the quantitative and spatial changes in land use, land cover, and climate predicted to occur in and around wilderness areas by (1) quantifying projected changes in land use and land cover around wilderness areas; (2) evaluating if public lands surrounding wilderness areas can buffer future land-use change; (3) quantifying future climate conditions in and around wilderness areas; and (4) identifying wilderness areas expected to experience the most change in land use, land cover, and climate. We used projections of land use (four variables), land cover (five variables), and climate (nine variables) to assess changes for 707 wilderness areas in the contiguous United States by mid-21st century under two scenarios (medium-low and high). We ranked all wilderness areas relative to each other by summing and ranking decile values for each land use, land cover, and climate variable and calculating a multivariate metric of future change. All wilderness areas were projected to experience some level of change by mid-century. The greatest land-use changes were associated with increases in agriculture, clear cutting, and developed land, while the greatest land cover changes were observed for grassland, forest, and shrubland. In 51.6% and 73.8% of wilderness areas, core area of natural vegetation surrounding wilderness was projected to decrease for the medium-low and high scenarios, respectfully. Presence of public land did not mitigate the influence of land-use change around wilderness areas. Geographically, projected changes occurred throughout the contiguous U.S., with areas in the northeast and upper Midwest projected to have the greatest land-use and climate change and the southwestern U.S. projected to undergo the greatest land cover and climate change. Our results provide insights into potential future threats to wilderness areas and the challenges associated with wilderness stewardship and climate adaptation. Despite the high degree of protection and remoteness of wilderness areas, effective management and preservation of these lands must consider future changes in land use, land cover, and climate.

中文翻译:

不断变化的景观中的荒野地区:土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化

荒野地区不能免受土地利用、土地覆盖和/或气候变化的影响。未来的变化将加强在荒野地区维持生态条件和不受约束的特性的平衡行为。我们通过 (1) 量化荒野地区周围土地利用和土地覆盖的预计变化;(2) 评估荒野地区周围的公共土地是否可以缓冲未来的土地利用变化;(3) 量化荒野地区及其周边地区的未来气候条件;(4) 确定预计会在土地利用、土地覆盖和气候方面发生最大变化的荒野地区。我们使用了土地利用(四个变量)、土地覆盖(五个变量)、和气候(九个变量),以评估到 21 世纪中叶在两种情景(中低和高)下美国毗连的 707 个荒野地区的变化。我们通过对每种土地利用、土地覆盖和气候变量的十分位值求和和排名,并计算未来变化的多变量指标,对所有荒野区域进行相对排名。预计到本世纪中叶,所有荒野地区都将经历某种程度的变化。最大的土地利用变化与农业、砍伐和开发土地的增加有关,而草地、森林和灌丛的土地覆盖变化最大。在 51.6% 和 73.8% 的荒野地区,中低和高情景下,荒野周围自然植被的核心面积预计将分别减少。公共土地的存在并没有减轻荒野地区周围土地利用变化的影响。从地理上看,预计的变化发生在整个美国,东北部和中西部上游地区预计将发生最大的土地利用和气候变化,而美国西南部预计将经历最大的土地覆盖和气候变化。我们的研究结果提供了对荒野地区潜在的未来威胁以及与荒野管理和气候适应相关的挑战的见解。尽管荒野地区受到高度保护和偏远,但对这些土地的有效管理和保护必须考虑未来土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化。预计的变化发生在整个美国,东北部和中西部上游地区预计将发生最大的土地利用和气候变化,而美国西南部预计将经历最大的土地覆盖和气候变化。我们的研究结果提供了对荒野地区潜在的未来威胁以及与荒野管理和气候适应相关的挑战的见解。尽管荒野地区受到高度保护和偏远,但对这些土地的有效管理和保护必须考虑未来土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化。预计的变化发生在整个美国,东北部和中西部上游地区预计将发生最大的土地利用和气候变化,而美国西南部预计将经历最大的土地覆盖和气候变化。我们的研究结果提供了对荒野地区潜在的未来威胁以及与荒野管理和气候适应相关的挑战的见解。尽管荒野地区受到高度保护和偏远,但对这些土地的有效管理和保护必须考虑未来土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化。我们的研究结果提供了对荒野地区潜在的未来威胁以及与荒野管理和气候适应相关的挑战的见解。尽管荒野地区受到高度保护和偏远,但对这些土地的有效管理和保护必须考虑未来土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化。我们的研究结果提供了对荒野地区潜在的未来威胁以及与荒野管理和气候适应相关的挑战的见解。尽管荒野地区受到高度保护和偏远,但对这些土地的有效管理和保护必须考虑未来土地利用、土地覆盖和气候的变化。
更新日期:2021-10-09
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