Abstract

Rice–wheat cropping system, intensively followed in Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP), played a prominent role in fulfilling the food grains demand of the increasing population of South Asia. In northern Indian plains, some practices such as intensive rice cultivation with traditional method for long-term have been associated with severe deterioration of natural resources, declining factor productivity, multiple nutrients deficiencies, depleting groundwater, labour scarcity and higher cost of cultivation, putting the agricultural sustainability in question. Varietal development, soil and water management, and adoption of resource conservation technologies in rice cultivation are the key interventions areas to address these challenges. The cultivation of lesser water requiring crops, replacing rice in light-textured soil and rainfed condition, should be encouraged through policy interventions. Direct seeding of short duration, high-yielding and stress tolerant rice varieties with water conservation technologies can be a successful approach to improve the input use efficiency in rice cultivation under medium–heavy-textured soils. Moreover, integrated approach of suitable cultivars for conservation agriculture, mechanized transplanting on zero-tilled/unpuddled field and need-based application of water, fertilizer and chemicals might be a successful approach for sustainable rice production system in the current scenario. In this review study, various challenges in productivity and sustainability of rice cultivation system and possible alternatives and solutions to overcome such challenges are discussed in details.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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水稻种植系统生产力和可持续性的挑战和机遇：印度视角的批判性回顾

摘要

印度恒河平原 (IGP) 广泛采用的稻麦种植制度在满足南亚日益增长的人口对粮食的需求方面发挥了突出作用。在印度北部平原，传统方法长期精耕细作水稻等做法导致自然资源严重退化、要素生产率下降、多种养分缺乏、地下水枯竭、劳动力稀缺和种植成本高，使农业可持续性问题。品种开发、水土管理以及在水稻​​种植中采用资源保护技术是应对这些挑战的关键干预领域。在轻质土壤和雨养条件下种植需水较少的作物，替代水稻，应该通过政策干预来鼓励。采用节水技术直播短命期、高产和耐胁迫的水稻品种可以成为提高中重质地土壤水稻栽培投入利用效率的成功途径。此外，适用于保护性农业的品种综合方法、零耕/无水田机械化移栽以及水、肥料和化学品的按需施用可能是当前情景下可持续水稻生产系统的成功方法。在这项审查研究中，详细讨论了水稻种植系统在生产力和可持续性方面的各种挑战以及克服这些挑战的可能替代方案和解决方案。采用节水技术的高产和抗逆性水稻品种可以成为提高中重质地土壤水稻种植投入利用效率的成功途径。此外，适用于保护性农业的品种综合方法、零耕/无水田机械化移栽以及水、肥料和化学品的按需施用可能是当前情景下可持续水稻生产系统的成功方法。在这项审查研究中，详细讨论了水稻种植系统在生产力和可持续性方面的各种挑战以及克服这些挑战的可能替代方案和解决方案。采用节水技术的高产和抗逆性水稻品种可以成为提高中重质地土壤水稻种植投入利用效率的成功途径。此外，适用于保护性农业的品种综合方法、零耕/无水田机械化移栽以及水、肥料和化学品的按需施用可能是当前情景下可持续水稻生产系统的成功方法。在这项审查研究中，详细讨论了水稻种植系统在生产力和可持续性方面的各种挑战以及克服这些挑战的可能替代方案和解决方案。

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