1. It is common to characterise the species niche using climate and global species distribution maps. This is then used to predict changes in distribution under a warming climate. This approach assumes that climate is a major driver of species distribution and that each species responds individually (sensu Gleason) to climate.
2. However, in many world landscapes, for a given climate, strikingly different vegetation types co-occur: forests and non-forests. These two alternative biome states are maintained by different feedback processes and have radically different species with contrasting shade and disturbance tolerance traits.
3. We propose that to improve predictions of species distribution changes under a novel climate, we need to consider the presence or absence of forest shade, as species are likely to respond individually only within their forest or non-forest biome, and not across biomes.
4. Synthesis. By considering shade as a biotic filter in niche modelling, we are not only improving our predictive capacity, but we are also reconciling the two views of communities: both the individualistic (within biome) and the organismal (across biomes) views of the community concept become relevant and complementary.

中文翻译：

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替代生物群落状态挑战气候变化下物种生态位变化的模型

1. 使用气候和全球物种分布图来表征物种生态位是很常见的。然后将其用于预测气候变暖下分布的变化。这种方法假设气候是物种分布的主要驱动因素，并且每个物种都对气候做出单独的反应（sensu Gleason）。
2. 然而，在许多世界景观中，对于给定的气候，同时出现截然不同的植被类型：森林和非森林。这两种替代的生物群落状态由不同的反馈过程维持，并且具有完全不同的物种，具有对比鲜明的阴影和干扰耐受性特征。
3. 我们建议，为了改进对新气候下物种分布变化的预测，我们需要考虑森林阴影的存在与否，因为物种可能仅在其森林或非森林生物群落内单独响应，而不是跨生物群落。
4. 合成。通过在生态位建模中将阴影视为生物过滤器，我们不仅提高了我们的预测能力，而且还调和了社区的两种观点：社区概念的个人主义（生物群落内）和有机体（跨生物群落）观点变得相关和互补。