The implementation of One Health/EcoHealth/Planetary Health approaches has been identified as key (i) to address the strong interconnections between risk for pandemics, climate change and biodiversity loss and (ii) to develop and implement solutions to these interlinked crises. As a response to the multiple calls from scientists on that subject, we have here proposed seven long-term research questions regarding COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that are based on effective integration of environmental, ecological, evolutionary, and social sciences to better anticipate and mitigate EIDs. Research needs cover the social ecology of infectious disease agents, their evolution, the determinants of susceptibility of humans and animals to infections, and the human and ecological factors accelerating infectious disease emergence. For comprehensive investigation, they include the development of nature-based solutions to interlinked global planetary crises, addressing ethical and philosophical questions regarding the relationship of humans to nature and regarding transformative changes to safeguard the environment and human health. In support of this research, we propose the implementation of innovative multidisciplinary facilities embedded in social ecosystems locally: ecological health observatories and living laboratories. This work was carried out in the frame of the European Community project HERA (www.HERAresearchEU.eu), which aims to set priorities for an environment, climate and health research agenda in the European Union by adopting a systemic approach in the face of global environmental change.

实施同一个健康/生态健康/行星健康方法被认为是关键：(i) 解决流行病、气候变化和生物多样性丧失风险之间的紧密联系；(ii) 制定和实施这些相互关联的危机的解决方案。作为对科学家关于该主题的多次呼吁的回应，我们在此提出了七个关于 COVID-19 和新发传染病 (EID) 的长期研究问题，这些问题基于环境、生态、进化和社会科学的有效整合更好地预测和缓解 EID。研究需求涵盖传染病病原体的社会生态学、其进化、人类和动物对感染的易感性决定因素，以及加速传染病出现的人类和生态因素。为了进行全面的调查，它们包括开发基于自然的解决方案来解决相互关联的全球行星危机，解决有关人类与自然的关系以及有关保护环境和人类健康的变革的伦理和哲学问题。为了支持这项研究，我们建议在当地社会生态系统中实施创新的多学科设施：生态健康观测站和生活实验室。这项工作是在欧洲共同体 HERA 项目 ( www.HERAresearchEU.eu ) 的框架内进行的，该项目旨在通过采取系统性方法应对全球环境、气候和健康研究议程，确定欧盟环境、气候和健康研究议程的优先事项。环境变化。