Lignocellulosic wastes were recently considered as biomass resources, however, its conversion to valuable products is still immature although researchers have put lots of effort into this issue. This article reviews the key challenges of the biorefinery utilizing lignocellulosic materials and recent developments to conquer those obstacles. Available biological techniques and processes, from the pretreatments of cellulosic materials to the valorization processes, were emphasized. Biological pretreatments, including hydrolysis using microbial consortia, fungi, enzymes, engineered bacterial/fungal strains, and co-culture systems, could enhance the release of reducing sugar. Resources recovery, including biogases, ethanol, butanol, PHA, etc., from lignocellulosic materials were also discussed, while the influences of composition of lignocellulosic materials and pretreatment options, applications of co-culture system, and integrated treatments with other wastes, were described. In the review, co-culture system and metabolic engineering are emphasized as the promising biological technologies, while perspectives are provided for their future developments.

木质纤维素废物最近被认为是生物质资源，然而，尽管研究人员在这个问题上付出了很多努力，但将其转化为有价值的产品仍然不成熟。本文回顾了利用木质纤维素材料进行生物精炼的主要挑战以及克服这些障碍的最新进展。强调了可用的生物技术和工艺，从纤维素材料的预处理到增值工艺。生物预处理，包括使用微生物群落、真菌、酶、工程细菌/真菌菌株和共培养系统的水解，可以增强还原糖的释放。资源回收，包括沼气、乙醇、丁醇、PHA等., 还讨论了木质纤维素材料的成分，同时描述了木质纤维素材料的组成和预处理选项、共培养系统的应用以及与其他废物的综合处理的影响。在评论中，共培养系统和代谢工程被强调为有前途的生物技术，同时为其未来发展提供了前景。