Environmental management often lacks a harmonization across scales and beyond boundaries of the land with changed use. As an example, extensive areas of Uruguayan grassland have been transformed into crop and timber plantations in the past decades, but little is known about the possible impacts of these changes on neighboring native forests. We explore how the diversity of native forests differs in relation to land-use change trajectories, from grassland to monocultures, in the surrounding landscapes. We recorded woody species in 32 different native forest plots in Uruguay. Using Landsat images, we created land-use maps in a buffer of 3 km around each plot for the years 1986/1987, 1996/1997, 2006/2007 and 2016/2017. We calculated trajectories of changes regarding the percentage of cover per land use, the landscape shape and aggregation index for native forests, grassland, timber plantations and crops. Trajectories were explored based on the slope of the generalized linear model correlated with woody species composition. Landscape covered by native forests, timber plantations and crops increased whereas grassland cover decreased. Large and interconnected native forests in a landscape dominated by grasslands harbor a high diversity of woody species. Disaggregation of grassland resulted in a decrease in richness and diversity of woody species. The history of surrounding landscape determines diversity of native forests. We observed cross boundary effects of neighboring land uses on native forests. These effects have to be considered in all measures of environmental management to reduce the trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and economic profit. Nevertheless, other parameter such as climate and soil interplay, override and alter the effects of land use history and management.

环境管理通常缺乏跨尺度和跨土地边界的协调，改变用途。例如，在过去的几十年里，乌拉圭的大片草原已经变成了农作物和木材种植园，但人们对这些变化对邻近原生森林的可能影响知之甚少。我们探索了原始森林的多样性如何与周围景观中从草地到单一栽培的土地利用变化轨迹相关。我们在乌拉圭 32 个不同的原生森林地块中记录了木本物种。使用 Landsat 图像，我们在每个地块周围 3 公里的缓冲区中创建了 1986/1987、1996/1997、2006/2007 和 2016/2017 年的土地利用地图。我们计算了每个土地利用覆盖百分比的变化轨迹，原生林、草地、用材林和农作物的景观形态和聚集指数。基于与木本物种组成相关的广义线性模型的斜率探索轨迹。原生林、用材林和农作物覆盖的景观增加，而草地覆盖减少。在以草原为主的景观中，大型且相互连接的原生森林拥有高度多样性的木本物种。草原的分化导致木本物种丰富度和多样性的减少。周围景观的历史决定了原生森林的多样性。我们观察到邻近土地利用对原生森林的跨界影响。在所有环境管理措施中都必须考虑这些影响，以减少生物多样性保护和经济利润之间的权衡。然而，气候和土壤相互作用等其他参数会覆盖和改变土地利用历史和管理的影响。