The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement effects of milk powder (MK) and fish meal (FM) by enzymatic soybean (ESB) in diets on growth performance, immunological parameters, SCFAs production and gut microbiome of weaned piglets. A total of 128 piglets with initial body weight at 6.95 ± 0.46 kg, were randomly assigned into 4 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 4 piglets per replicate for a period of 14 d. Piglets were offered iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets as follows: CON diet with MK and FM as high quality protein sources, ESB plus FM diet with ESB replacing MK, ESB plus MK diet with ESB replacing FM, and ESB diet with ESB replacing both MK and FM. No significant differences were observed in growth performance among all treatments (P > 0.05). However, piglets fed ESB plus FM or ESB diet had increased diarrhea index (P<0.01), and lower digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) or crude protein (CP), relative to piglets fed CON diet (P < 0.01). Moreover, the inclusion of ESB in diet markedly decreased the plasma concentration of HPT and fecal concentration of butyric acid (BA) (P<0.01). The High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene V3−V4 region of gut microbiome revealed that the inclusion of ESB in diet increased the alpha diversity, and the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed that piglets fed with ESB plus FM or ESB diet contained more gut pathogenic bacteria, such as g_Peptococcus, g_Veillonella and g_Helicobacter. The inclusion of ESB in diet did not markedly affect growth performance of piglets, but the replacement of MK or both MK and FM by ESB increased diarrhea index, which could be associated with lower nutrients digestibility and more gut pathogenic bacteria. However, piglets fed diet using ESB to replace FM did not markedly affect gut health-related parameters, indicating the potential for replacing FM with ESB in weaning diet.

中文翻译：

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日粮中酶促大豆、鱼粉和奶粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫参数、短链脂肪酸产生和肠道微生物组的比较影响

本研究的目的是评估日粮中酶促大豆 (ESB) 替代奶粉 (MK) 和鱼粉 (FM) 对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫参数、短链脂肪酸产生和肠道微生物组的影响。总共 128 头初始体重为 6.95 ± 0.46 kg 的仔猪被随机分配到 4 个日粮处理中，每个处理 8 个重复，每个重复 4 头仔猪，为期 14 天。给仔猪提供如下等氮和等能量日粮：以 MK 和 FM 作为优质蛋白质来源的 CON 日粮，以 ESB 代替 MK 的 ESB 加 FM 日粮，以 ESB 代替 FM 的 ESB 加 MK 日粮，以及以 ESB 代替的 ESB 日粮MK 和 FM。各处理间生长性能无显着差异（P > 0.05）。然而，与饲喂 CON 日粮的仔猪相比，饲喂 ESB 加 FM 或 ESB 日粮的仔猪腹泻指数增加（P < 0.01），干物质（DM）、总能量（GE）或粗蛋白（CP）的消化率较低（P < 0.01） ）。此外，在饮食中添加 ESB 显着降低了 HPT 的血浆浓度和丁酸 (BA) 的粪便浓度 (P < 0.01)。肠道微生物组 16S rRNA 基因 V3-V4 区的高通量测序显示，日粮中添加 ESB 增加了 α 多样性，线性判别分析效应大小 (LEfSe) 表明，饲喂 ESB 加 FM 或 ESB 日粮的仔猪含有较多的肠道致病菌，如 g_Peptococcus、g_Veillonella 和 g_Helicobacter。在日粮中添加 ESB 对仔猪的生长性能没有显着影响，但是用 ESB 替代 MK 或 MK 和 FM 会增加腹泻指数，这可能与较低的营养物质消化率和更多的肠道致病菌有关。然而，使用 ESB 替代 FM 的日粮喂养仔猪并没有显着影响肠道健康相关参数，表明在断奶日粮中用 ESB 替代 FM 的潜力。