Automated tutoring systems offer the flexibility and scalability necessary to facilitate the provision of high-quality and universally accessible programming education. To realise the potential of these systems, recent work has proposed a diverse range of techniques for automatically generating feedback in the form of hints to assist students with programming exercises. This article integrates these apparently disparate approaches into a coherent whole. Specifically, it emphasises that all hint techniques can be understood as a series of simpler components with similar properties. Using this insight, it presents a simple framework for describing such techniques, the Hint Iteration by Narrow-down and Transformation Steps framework, and surveys recent work in the context of this framework. Findings from this survey include that (1) hint techniques share similar properties, which can be used to visualise them together, (2) the individual steps of hint techniques should be considered when designing and evaluating hint systems, (3) more work is required to develop and improve evaluation methods, and (4) interesting relationships, such as the link between automated hints and data-driven evaluation, should be further investigated. Ultimately, this article aims to facilitate the development, extension, and comparison of automated programming hint techniques to maximise their educational potential.

中文翻译：

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自动编程提示生成调查：提示框架

自动化辅导系统提供了必要的灵活性和可扩展性，以促进提供高质量和普遍可访问的编程教育。为了实现这些系统的潜力，最近的工作提出了多种技术，用于以提示的形式自动生成反馈，以帮助学生进行编程练习。本文将这些明显不同的方法整合为一个连贯的整体。具体来说，它强调所有提示技术都可以理解为一系列具有相似属性的更简单的组件。使用这种洞察力，它提出了一个简单的框架来描述这些技术，缩小的提示迭代和转换步骤框架，并在这个框架的背景下调查了最近的工作。本次调查的结果包括（1）提示技术具有相似的属性，可以将它们一起可视化，（2）在设计和评估提示系统时应考虑提示技术的各个步骤，（3）需要做更多的工作开发和改进评估方法，以及 (4) 应进一步研究有趣的关系，例如自动提示和数据驱动评估之间的联系。最终，本文旨在促进自动化编程提示技术的开发、扩展和比较，以最大限度地发挥其教育潜力。(3) 需要做更多的工作来开发和改进评估方法，(4) 应进一步研究有趣的关系，例如自动提示和数据驱动评估之间的联系。最终，本文旨在促进自动化编程提示技术的开发、扩展和比较，以最大限度地发挥其教育潜力。(3) 需要做更多的工作来开发和改进评估方法，(4) 应进一步研究有趣的关系，例如自动提示和数据驱动评估之间的联系。最终，本文旨在促进自动化编程提示技术的开发、扩展和比较，以最大限度地发挥其教育潜力。