Integration of distributed energy systems in residential buildings, commercial buildings, and light industries can decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions further than the lowest emissions achieved by the most efficient standalone system. Until now, an unexplored topic is the optimal relative sizes of the entities in the integrated system. This work introduces a novel optimization model which determines optimal sizes of the entities (buildings and plant capacities) in the integrated system, optimal sizes of the equipment comprising the energy systems, and optimal production schedules. Temperature levels of the heating demands are included in the model to ensure that the heat transfers are feasible. A case study that includes a residential building, a supermarket, a confectionery plant, a bakery plant, a brewery, and electric vehicles is presented. It is shown that the maximum achievable GHG reduction is relatively constant as the sizes of the residential buildings increase, but it requires significant changes in the type and relative sizes of the industrial plants.

在住宅建筑、商业建筑和轻工业中集成分布式能源系统可以比最高效的独立系统实现的最低排放进一步减少温室气体 (GHG) 排放。到目前为止，一个未探索的主题是集成系统中实体的最佳相对大小。这项工作引入了一种新颖的优化模型，该模型确定集成系统中实体（建筑物和工厂容量）的最佳尺寸、包含能源系统的设备的最佳尺寸以及最佳生产计划。模型中包含加热需求的温度水平，以确保热传递是可行的。介绍了一个案例研究，其中包括住宅楼、超市、糖果厂、面包厂、啤酒厂和电动汽车。