Objective

Although male relatives tend to sway people toward, and female relatives tend to sway people away from conservative political attitudes, there exist many ways in which family composition might cause these effects. Here we test several pathways whereby family might influence attitudes toward female veiling, gender stereotypes, and status-seeking in Pakistan.

Methods

Research assistants administered a survey to a diverse sample of 538 adults in Karachi neighborhoods of varying socio-economic status. Within each neighborhood we selected households and available adults within households randomly. Surveys captured socio-demographic data about the participant and their household, and their opinion on family structures, culture, gender roles, religion, and female attire.

Results

We find that likelihood of deriving future reproductive fitness from males increases status-seeking and stereotypes of women as warm and kind but decreases support for women having the right to choose whether to wear a veil in public. In contrast, deriving future fitness from females leads people to stereotype women as less warm but highly competent. Family effects were distinguishable from those deriving from an individual’s own sex.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that the inclusive fitness people gain through relatives of each gender may be one of the factors responsible for family effects, shifting dimensions of social cognition and swaying attitudes relevant to sexual conflict.

中文翻译：

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家庭和性别健身兴趣对巴基斯坦妇女戴面纱、寻求地位和刻板印象的态度的影响

客观的

尽管男性亲属倾向于使人们倾向于保守的政治态度，女性亲属倾向于使人们远离保守的政治态度，但家庭构成可能以多种方式导致这些影响。在这里，我们测试了家庭可能影响巴基斯坦对女性蒙面、性别刻板印象和地位寻求的态度的几种途径。

方法

研究助理对不同社会经济地位的卡拉奇社区的 538 名成年人进行了一项调查。在每个社区内，我们随机选择家庭和家庭中可用的成年人。调查收集了有关参与者及其家庭的社会人口统计数据，以及他们对家庭结构、文化、性别角色、宗教和女性着装的看法。

结果

我们发现，从男性那里获得未来生殖健康的可能性会增加女性的地位寻求和对女性温暖和善良的刻板印象，但会减少对有权选择是否在公共场合戴面纱的女性的支持。相比之下，从女性身上获得未来的健康会导致人们刻板地认为女性不那么热情但能力很强。家庭效应与源自个人性别的效应是有区别的。

结论

研究结果表明，人们通过各种性别的亲属获得的包容性健康可能是造成家庭影响、社会认知维度转变和与性冲突相关的态度摇摆不定的因素之一。