Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1–2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸 (NADPH) 氧化酶 (NOX) 是利用 NADPH 作为电子供体从分子氧生成超氧化物或过氧化氢的酶。NOX 家族中有七种酶：NOX1-5 和双重氧化酶 (DUOX) 1-2。人体中的 NOX 酶在不同的生物学功能中发挥着重要作用，并且在不同组织中的表达也不同。重要的是，NOX2 参与调节先天性和适应性免疫的许多方面，包括调节 I 型干扰素、炎性体、吞噬作用、抗原加工和呈递以及细胞信号传导。DUOX1 和 DUOX2 在上皮屏障的先天免疫防御中发挥重要作用。这篇综述讨论了 NOX 酶在正常生理过程和疾病中的作用。NOX 酶在 1 型糖尿病等自身免疫性疾病中很重要，并且还与感染 SARS-CoV-2 引起的急性肺损伤有关。直接靶向 NOX 酶或通过清除自由基可能是治疗自身免疫和急性肺损伤的有用疗法，其中氧化应激有助于病理。