Germ cells differentiate into sexually dimorphic gametes, oocytes, and spermatozoa, which unite to form new individuals. Accordingly, germ cell development entails intricate regulations of genome functions for genetic and epigenetic inheritance. The past decade has seen considerable advances in in vitro gametogenesis (IVG), which aims to recreate germ cell development from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in culture. Mouse PSCs can be induced into functional oocytes and spermatozoa, whereas human PSCs can be induced into early oocytes and prospermatogonia, promoting mechanistic understanding of mammalian germ cell development. The prospect for inducing human gametes with appropriate functions has been heightened, and such advances will create possibilities in reproductive medicine, including modeling infertility to explore remedies. The use of IVG-derived gametes for human reproduction will require careful legal and ethical discussions.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物体外配子发生

生殖细胞分化成有性二态的配子、卵母细胞和精子，它们结合形成新个体。因此，生殖细胞发育需要对遗传和表观遗传的基因组功能进行复杂的调节。在过去的十年中，体外配子发生 (IVG) 取得了长足的进步，其目的是从培养的多能干细胞 (PSC) 中重建生殖细胞发育。小鼠 PSCs 可以被诱导为功能性卵母细胞和精子，而人类 PSCs 可以被诱导为早期卵母细胞和原精原细胞，从而促进对哺乳动物生殖细胞发育的机制理解。诱导具有适当功能的人类配子的前景已经得到提高，这些进步将为生殖医学创造可能性，包括对不孕症进行建模以探索治疗方法。