The role of the gut microbiome has been a hot topic in recent years. One aim of this review is to shed light on the crosstalk between sex hormones and the gut microbiome. Researchers have observed a sex bias of the composition of the gut microbiome in mice and have proved that sex differences influence the composition of the gut microbiome, although the influence is usually obscured by genetic variations. Via cell studies, animal studies and some observational studies in humans, researchers have confirmed that the gut microbiome can be shaped by the hormonal environment. On other hand, some theories suggest that the gut microbiota regulates the levels of sex hormones via interactions among its metabolites, the immune system, chronic inflammation and some nerve-endocrine axes, such as the gut-brain axis. In addition, bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and the hormonal system have also been observed, and the mechanisms of these interactions are being explored. We further describe the role of the gut microbiome in sex hormone-related diseases, such as ovarian cancer, postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), polycystic ovary syndrome and type 1 diabetes. Among these diseases, PMOP is described in detail. Finally, we discuss the treatments of these diseases and the application prospects of microbial intervention.

近年来，肠道微生物组的作用一直是一个热门话题。本综述的一个目的是阐明性激素和肠道微生物组之间的串扰。研究人员已经观察到小鼠肠道微生物组组成的性别偏见，并证明性别差异会影响肠道微生物组的组成，尽管这种影响通常被遗传变异所掩盖。通过通过细胞研究、动物研究和一些对人类的观察性研究，研究人员已经证实，肠道微生物群可以受激素环境影响。另一方面，一些理论表明肠道微生物群调节性激素的水平通过其代谢物、免疫系统、慢性炎症和一些神经-内分泌轴（如肠-脑轴）之间的相互作用。此外，还观察到微生物组与激素系统之间的双向相互作用，并且正在探索这些相互作用的机制。我们进一步描述了肠道微生物组在性激素相关疾病中的作用，如卵巢癌、绝经后骨质疏松症 (PMOP)、多囊卵巢综合征和 1 型糖尿病。在这些疾病中，详细描述了PMOP。最后，我们讨论了这些疾病的治疗方法和微生物干预的应用前景。