Solvent molecules interact with reactive species and alter the rates and selectivities of catalytic reactions by orders of magnitude. Specifically, solvent molecules can modify the free energies of liquid phase and surface species via solvation, participating directly as a reactant or co-catalyst, or competitively binding to active sites. These effects carry consequences for reactions relevant for the conversion of renewable or recyclable feedstocks, the development of distributed chemical manufacturing, and the utilization of renewable energy to drive chemical reactions. First, we describe the quantitative impact of these effects on steady-state catalytic turnover rates through a rate expression derived for a generic catalytic reaction (A → B), which illustrates the functional dependence of rates on each category of solvent interaction. Second, we connect these concepts to recent investigations of the effects of solvents on catalysis to show how interactions between solvent and reactant molecules at solid–liquid interfaces influence catalytic reactions. This discussion demonstrates that the design of effective liquid phase catalytic processes benefits from a clear understanding of these intermolecular interactions and their implications for rates and selectivities.

中文翻译：

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溶剂结构和氢键对固液界面催化作用的影响

溶剂分子与反应性物质相互作用并按数量级改变催化反应的速率和选择性。具体地，溶剂分子可以修改液相和表面物质的自由能经由溶剂化，直接作为反应物或助催化剂参与，或与活性位点竞争结合。这些影响会对与可再生或可回收原料的转化、分布式化学制造的发展以及利用可再生能源驱动化学反应相关的反应产生影响。首先，我们通过通用催化反应 (A → B) 导出的速率表达式描述了这些影响对稳态催化转化率的定量影响，这说明了速率对每种溶剂相互作用类别的函数依赖性。其次，我们将这些概念与最近对溶剂对催化作用的研究联系起来，以展示固液界面处溶剂和反应物分子之间的相互作用如何影响催化反应。