Mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) have been widely studied during the past 3 decades and proposed as a risk marker for neurodegenerative disease. This systematic review explores the epidemiology, clinical and prognostic associations, radiological features, and pathological findings associated with MPS in older adults free from neurodegenerative disease. We find that MPS as currently defined are strongly associated with increasing age and increased risk of development of Parkinson's disease (PD), all-cause dementia, disability, and death. Positive associations with later PD are found mainly in younger populations and those with other features of prodromal PD. There are currently no consistent radiological findings for MPS, and pathological studies have shown that MPS, at least in the oldest old, are often underpinned by mixed neuropathologies, including those associated with Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, nigral neuronal loss, and Lewy bodies. Different subcategories of MPS appear to convey varying risk and specificity for PD and other outcomes. MPS overall are not specific for parkinsonian disorders and, although associated with increased risk of PD, can reflect multiple pathologies, particularly in older individuals. “Mild motor signs” appears a more appropriate term to avoid prognostic and pathological implications, and larger future studies to prospectively examine outcomes and associations of specific MPS subcategories are required. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

中文翻译：

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轻度帕金森症状：临床、影像学和病理学关联的系统评价

轻度帕金森症状 (MPS) 在过去 3 年中得到了广泛研究，并被提议作为神经退行性疾病的风险标志物。这篇系统综述探讨了没有神经退行性疾病的老年人与 MPS 相关的流行病学、临床和预后关联、放射学特征和病理学发现。我们发现，目前定义的 MPS 与年龄增加和帕金森病 (PD)、全因痴呆、残疾和死亡风险增加密切相关。与晚期 PD 的正相关主要见于年轻人群和具有前驱 PD 其他特征的人群。目前对 MPS 没有一致的放射学发现，病理学研究表明 MPS，至少在最年长的老年人中，通常由混合神经病理学支持，包括与阿尔茨海默病、脑血管疾病、黑质神经元丢失和路易小体相关的那些。MPS 的不同子类别似乎传达了 PD 和其他结果的不同风险和特异性。MPS 总体上不是帕金森病的特异性疾病，虽然与 PD 风险增加有关，但可以反映多种病理，特别是在老年人中。“轻度运动体征”似乎是避免预后和病理影响的更合适的术语，需要更大规模的未来研究来前瞻性地检查特定 MPS 亚类的结果和关联。© 2021 作者。MPS 的不同子类别似乎传达了 PD 和其他结果的不同风险和特异性。MPS 总体上不是帕金森病的特异性疾病，虽然与 PD 风险增加有关，但可以反映多种病理，特别是在老年人中。“轻度运动体征”似乎是避免预后和病理影响的更合适的术语，需要更大规模的未来研究来前瞻性地检查特定 MPS 亚类的结果和关联。© 2021 作者。MPS 的不同子类别似乎传达了 PD 和其他结果的不同风险和特异性。MPS 总体上不是帕金森病的特异性疾病，虽然与 PD 风险增加有关，但可以反映多种病理，特别是在老年人中。“轻度运动体征”似乎是避免预后和病理影响的更合适的术语，需要更大规模的未来研究来前瞻性地检查特定 MPS 亚类的结果和关联。© 2021 作者。需要更大规模的未来研究来前瞻性地检查特定 MPS 子类别的结果和关联。© 2021 作者。需要更大规模的未来研究来前瞻性地检查特定 MPS 子类别的结果和关联。© 2021 作者。运动障碍由Wiley期刊LLC代表国际帕金森和运动障碍学会出版